Data were analysed using the Spearman’s correlation, Wilcoxon signed rank, and Mann–Whitney U-test. Results.  Except group IV, there was a statistically significant decrease in fluorescence after the application of sealants (P < 0.05). The decrease of LFpen readings in the opaque sealant groups was more significant than the clear

sealant groups (P < 0.05). But for both sealants, the difference between phosphoric acid and Clearfil S3 Bond groups was nonsignificant (P > 0.05). Conclusions.  There was a statistically significant decrease in fluorescence for both clear and opaque sealant groups. However, clear sealant with Clearfil S3 Bond does not influence the LFpen readings. “
“Generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP) is a multifactorial disease that shows a specific microbial profile and a familial see more aggregation. This study evaluated the salivary microbial

profile of families with a history of GAP and compared them with healthy families. Fifteen families with parents presenting periodontal health and 15 with parents with a history of GAP were selected. Each family had a child aged 6–12 years. Stimulated saliva was collected from all subjects, and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythia (Tf), and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) amounts were determined. Children of GAP families showed higher detection of Aa (90%) learn more than children of healthy families (45%) (P < 0.05). Parents with GAP showed a Pg salivary concentration statistically higher than that of healthy parents (P < 0.05).Children of GAP families, however, exhibited similar Pg concentration than healthy children (P > 0.05). Tf amounts did not differ either in parents or in children (P > 0.05) The infection risk calculation indicates that children who have one parent who is positive for Aa have 16.3 times (95% CI 3.1–87.2) more risk of being infected with Aa (P < 0.05) than children from an Aa-negative enough family. It may be concluded that children

of parents with aggressive periodontitis have higher levels and higher risk of Aa infection. “
“Background.  With increasing survival rates for childhood cancer, late effects are of growing importance. Oral health is central to general health, level of nutrition, quality of life, and is significant in the holistic care of children during cancer therapy. Hypothesis.  The oral health needs of children treated for solid tumours/lymphoma will be greater than the general population, groups will differ according to tumour and treatment. Design.  One hundred and twenty patients, 0–17 years, under follow-up from 01/07/06 to 07/02/07 were investigated for caries, opacities, microdontia, and gingivitis. Analysis was performed with stratification according to tumour and treatment. Comparisons made with the UK 2003 Child Dental Health Survey. Results.

The authors state they have no conflicts of interest to declare. “
“Persons born in countries with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence ≥2% have increased risk for unrecognized hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Testing at pre-travel consultations is a strategy to identify previously undiagnosed HBV infections. Using records of travelers seen at the Boston Area Travel Medicine Network (BATMN) click here sites, we assessed how these travel clinics currently assess HBV status, describe test results, and describe characteristics of those tested and immunized for HBV. Demographic data and trip information

were collected for all travelers seen at the BATMN sites from June 2008 through July 2010. Proportions of those tested for HBV were determined, and differences between those tested and not tested were analyzed. Among 13,732 travelers enrolled during the study period, 2,134 (16%) were born in HBV-risk countries (HBsAg prevalence ≥2%); 532/2134 (25%) ERK inhibitor had previous HBV test results and 230 (11%) had tests performed at the travel clinic visit. Past results showed that 33/453 (7.3%) were HBV-infected (HBsAg+), 252/481 (52.4%) were immune (anti-HBs+, HBsAg–), 164/303 (54.1%) were susceptible (anti-HBs–, HBsAg–, anti-HBc–), and 38/314 (12.1%) had

possible HBV exposure (anti-HBc+, HBsAg–, anti-HBs–). Among 230 travelers tested Molecular motor during the travel clinic visit, 7/213 (3.3%) were HBV-infected, 95/218 (43.6%) were immune, 106/179 (59.2%) were susceptible, and 10/182 (5.5%) had possible HBV exposure. The travel clinic offers an opportunity to capture, identify, and educate infected persons unaware of their infection, educate those with known results, and initiate preventive action (eg, vaccination) for those still susceptible. Approximately 350 million persons worldwide have chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and 620,000 persons die annually from

HBV-related liver disease.[1, 2] Chronic HBV infection can lead to chronic liver disease including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In highly endemic countries (prevalence of HBsAg ≥8%), HBV infection is commonly transmitted vertically or in early childhood, which is the major determinant for chronic infection. Complications (chronic liver disease and HCC) occur in 15%–40% of chronically infected persons, mostly during adulthood but can occur earlier.[3] HCC may develop in asymptomatic infected persons in the absence of cirrhosis. Early screening, monitoring, and treatment can limit transmission and reduce the likelihood of potentially fatal consequences.[4] Diagnosis of HBV infection, immunity, and carrier state is done by serologic testing for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs), and hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc).

“
“Streptococcus mutans, a primary dental pathogen,

has a remarkable capacity to scavenge nutrients from the oral biofilm for its survival. Cystine is an amino acid Staurosporine solubility dmso dimer formed by the oxidation of two cysteine residues that is required for optimal growth of S. mutans, which modulates l-cystine uptake via two recently identified transporters designated TcyABC and TcyDEFGH, which have not been fully characterized. Using a nonpolar tcyABC-deficient mutant (SmTcyABC), here, we report that l-cystine uptake is drastically diminished in the mutant, whereas its ability to grow is severely impaired under l-cystine starvation conditions, relative to wild type. A substrate competition assay showed that l-cystine uptake by the TcyABC transporter was strongly inhibited by dl-cystathionine and l-djenkolic acid and moderately inhibited by S-methyl-l-cysteine and l-cysteine. Using gene expression analysis, we observed that the tcyABC operon was upregulated under cystine starvation. TcyABC has been shown to be positively regulated by the LysR-type transcriptional regulator CysR. We identified another LysR-type transcriptional

regulator that negatively regulates TcyABC with homology Dasatinib mw to the Bacillus subtilis YtlI regulator, which we termed TcyR. Our study enhances the understanding of l-cystine uptake in S. mutans, which allows survival and persistence of this pathogen in the oral biofilm. As one of the primary etiological agents in dental caries, the pathogenicity of Streptococcus mutans is dependent on its ability to cope with drastic fluctuations in nutrient availability in the oral biofilm. Because these can range from nutrient abundant to starvation conditions, the remarkable adaptive capacity of S. mutans is due, in part, to its ability to detect and import nutrients vital for growth and survival. Not surprisingly, 15% Protein tyrosine phosphatase of the ORFs in the UA159 genome are associated with nutrient transport, whereas more than 60 ABC-type transporters exhibit specificity for different substrates including carbohydrates, amino acids, and inorganic ions (Ajdic

et al., 2002). Cysteine, a hydrophilic amino acid, is an important structural and functional component of many cellular proteins and enzymes and has been shown to be essential for growth of S. mutans under all in vitro conditions tested (Albanesi et al., 2005). The dimerization of cysteine, whereby two cysteine molecules are linked by a disulfide bond upon oxidation, results in formation of cystine. Both cystine and cysteine can also be used as sources of sulfur, an indispensable element required for activity of many enzymes and involved in ion and redox metabolic pathways (Burguiere et al., 2004). Cysteine biosynthesis and cystine uptake are thus important metabolic processes essential for bacterial growth and survival.

“
“Streptococcus mutans, a primary dental pathogen,

has a remarkable capacity to scavenge nutrients from the oral biofilm for its survival. Cystine is an amino acid Selleckchem Adriamycin dimer formed by the oxidation of two cysteine residues that is required for optimal growth of S. mutans, which modulates l-cystine uptake via two recently identified transporters designated TcyABC and TcyDEFGH, which have not been fully characterized. Using a nonpolar tcyABC-deficient mutant (SmTcyABC), here, we report that l-cystine uptake is drastically diminished in the mutant, whereas its ability to grow is severely impaired under l-cystine starvation conditions, relative to wild type. A substrate competition assay showed that l-cystine uptake by the TcyABC transporter was strongly inhibited by dl-cystathionine and l-djenkolic acid and moderately inhibited by S-methyl-l-cysteine and l-cysteine. Using gene expression analysis, we observed that the tcyABC operon was upregulated under cystine starvation. TcyABC has been shown to be positively regulated by the LysR-type transcriptional regulator CysR. We identified another LysR-type transcriptional

regulator that negatively regulates TcyABC with homology Palbociclib datasheet to the Bacillus subtilis YtlI regulator, which we termed TcyR. Our study enhances the understanding of l-cystine uptake in S. mutans, which allows survival and persistence of this pathogen in the oral biofilm. As one of the primary etiological agents in dental caries, the pathogenicity of Streptococcus mutans is dependent on its ability to cope with drastic fluctuations in nutrient availability in the oral biofilm. Because these can range from nutrient abundant to starvation conditions, the remarkable adaptive capacity of S. mutans is due, in part, to its ability to detect and import nutrients vital for growth and survival. Not surprisingly, 15% SPTLC1 of the ORFs in the UA159 genome are associated with nutrient transport, whereas more than 60 ABC-type transporters exhibit specificity for different substrates including carbohydrates, amino acids, and inorganic ions (Ajdic

et al., 2002). Cysteine, a hydrophilic amino acid, is an important structural and functional component of many cellular proteins and enzymes and has been shown to be essential for growth of S. mutans under all in vitro conditions tested (Albanesi et al., 2005). The dimerization of cysteine, whereby two cysteine molecules are linked by a disulfide bond upon oxidation, results in formation of cystine. Both cystine and cysteine can also be used as sources of sulfur, an indispensable element required for activity of many enzymes and involved in ion and redox metabolic pathways (Burguiere et al., 2004). Cysteine biosynthesis and cystine uptake are thus important metabolic processes essential for bacterial growth and survival.

, 2009). Its relative pristine status makes it an interesting site for investigating the biodegradation of PAHs by indigenous microorganisms in these soils without any history of exposure to lignin, PAHs or similar compounds. Indigenous PAHs have been previously investigated (Aislabie et al., 2000, 2006; Ferguson et al., 2003a, b; Coulon et al., 2005) in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic soils, but these studies have been performed on potentially

contaminated soils with high levels of soil PAHs concentration, from areas impacted by Antarctic settlements and scientific stations. To our knowledge, no direct biodegradation measurements have been carried out in soils with extremely low this website amounts of PAHs, such as those collected from different sites of Livingstone Island and used in this study. In the present paper we investigate the degradation of 14C-phenanthrene by indigenous

soil microorganism in soil samples from Livingstone Island at different temperatures. Phenanthrene (> 99.6%), and [9-14C] phenanthrene (specific activity = 50 mCi mmol−1, Bleomycin radiochemical purity > 95%) standards were obtained from Sigma Aldrich, UK. Chemicals for the minimal basal salts (MBS) solution were obtained from BDH Laboratory Supplies and Fisher Chemicals. The liquid scintillation cocktail (Ultima Gold) and glass scintillation vials (7 mL) were obtained from Canberra Packard, UK. Sodium hydroxide was obtained from Sigma Aldrich. Dichloromethane, hexane and methanol were supplied

by Merck, Darmstad, Germany. Agar-agar and plate count agar were obtained from Oxoid Ltd, UK. Soil samples were collected from background areas of Livingstone Island. A map with the sampling sites is provided in Fig. 1. The top 5 cm were taken using a stainless steel corer. Samples were frozen (−20 °C) in sterile glass Teicoplanin jars for transportation to Lancaster University. Soil physicochemical properties are shown in Table 1. Soil redox, soil pH and soil moisture content were measured by standard methods described elsewhere(Cabrerizo et al., 2011). Particle size analysis was determined according to the method by Gee and Bauder (1979) and calculations according to Gee and Bauder (1979). Total carbon and nitrogen were determined by analysing 4 mg of oven-dried (105 °C) and sieved (2 mm) soil samples on a Carlo Erba CHNS-OEA 1108 CN-Elemental analyser. For total organic carbon (TOC) analysis, soils were heated to 430 °C to remove all organic carbon, the ash containing inorganic carbon alone was measured on the analyser and the TOC determined by mass balance (Rhodes et al., 2007). Extraction and quantification: Briefly, 30 g of soil samples were homogenized and dried by mixing with anhydrous sodium sulphate and ground using a mortar and a pestle.

Corticospinal excitability of the pathways projecting to three hand muscles [first dorsal interosseus (FDI), abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and abductor digiti minimi (ADM)] and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the same muscles

were assessed in 31 healthy volunteers during an isolated index finger movement. In the agonist FDI muscle both corticospinal GDC-0068 clinical trial excitability and EMG activity were found to be increased at the onset of the movement (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). On the contrary, in the surround ADM, there was dissociation between the corticospinal excitability (decreased: P < 0.001) and EMG activity (increased: P < 0.001). Cross-correlation analysis of the EMG activity showed that neuronal signals driving the agonist and surround muscles are not synchronised when SI is present. The results suggest a distinctive origin of the neuronal signals driving the agonist and surround muscles. In addition, they indicate that cortical output might be simultaneously modulated by voluntary and non-voluntary activity, generated in cortical and subcortical structures, respectively. "
“In mammals the development of the visual system may be altered during a sensitive period by modifying the visual input to one or both eyes. These plastic processes are reduced after the end of the sensitive period. It has been proposed that reduced levels of plasticity are at the basis of the lack of recovery from early visual deprivation observed in

adult animals. A developmental downregulation of experience-dependent regulation of histone acetylation has recently been found to be involved in closing the sensitive period. Therefore, we tested whether AZD2281 purchase pharmacological epigenetic treatments increasing histone acetylation could be used to reverse visual acuity deficits induced by long-term monocular deprivation initiated during the sensitive period. We found

that chronic intraperitoneal administration of valproic acid or sodium butyrate (two different histone deacetylases inhibitors) to long-term monocularly deprived adult rats coupled with reverse lid-suturing caused a complete recovery of visual acuity, tested electrophysiologically and behaviorally. Thus, manipulations of the epigenetic machinery can be used to promote functional recovery from early alterations of sensory input in the adult cortex. Monocular deprivation (MD) is a classical paradigm of experience-dependent plasticity Adenosine that is highly effective during a sensitive period (SP) of development. MD consists in depriving one eye of patterned vision by means of eyelid suture. This procedure triggers a cortical plastic response involving anatomical and physiological modifications of cortical neurons that eventually results in visual deficits (Wiesel & Hubel, 1965; Medini & Pizzorusso, 2008). Indeed, stereoscopic vision is impaired, and the deprived eye displays low levels of visual acuity, a pathological condition called amblyopia (Dews & Wiesel, 1970; Timney, 1983; Fagiolini et al.

Nevertheless, this activity is comparable with the activity of the growth-promoting bacteria and efficient native producer of ACCD, P. putida UW4 (Todorovic & Glick, 2008), and is sufficient to induce root elongation in canola seedlings (Table 1). In P. citrinum, it is suggested that ACC derived from ACC synthase activity accumulates in the cells and this induces ACCD activity (Jia et al., 2000). In Trichoderma, the situation

could be similar. ACC synthase sequences are present in all Trichoderma genomes annotated to date (http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Trire2/Trire2.home.html; http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Trive1/Trive1.home.html), and low basal activity of ACCD can be detected in Trichoderma without exogenous induction. We did not see a significant induction of Tas-acdS by plant roots after either 5 or 24 h (data not shown). In bacteria, induction of enzyme activity is a relatively KU-60019 slow and complex process (Glick et al., 2007).

It could be that the induction by plant roots will be detectable following an environmental stress. The role of ACCD activity per se in rhizosphere colonization was assessed. Similar survival of wild-type T203 and mutants inside canola roots was assessed after 4–5 days (Fig. 3b) and after two weeks (data not shown). This is in agreement with previous results on the persistence of Pseudomonas brassicacearum Am3 and its ACCD-deficient mutant in the tomato rhizosphere (Belimov et al., 2007), suggesting that changes in ACCD activity do not markedly affect the ability of bacteria or fungi to colonize plant roots at least over this DAPT order time scale. A significant increase in root length can be discerned in seedlings pretreated with T. asperellum WT, suggesting a growth promotion activity that is lost in the ACCD RNAi lines (Fig. 3a). This new observation of ACCD activity in Trichoderma spp. is of potential interest for different types of applications. There is evidence of various Trichoderma spp. contributing to soil contaminants’ degradation (Verma

et al., 2007). The use of ACCD-containing microorganisms in rhizoremediation of organics-contaminated soil has been proposed (Arshad et al., 2007). Prolific root growth could maximize rates of hyperaccumulation of inorganic contaminants or rhizodegradation Florfenicol of organic pollutants, and thus accelerate phytoremediation. In future work, it will be interesting to evaluate the expression of Tas-acdS in bacterial strains lacking ACCD activity and growth-promoting activity, but possessing other useful biocontrol qualities. We are grateful to Prof. B. Rubin (Plant Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem) for providing canola seeds. This research was partially supported by the USAID-CDR Israel–Uzbekistan–USA, grant no. TA-MOU-03-CA23-036, and by the DFG-Trilateral Cooperation Project between Germany, Israel and the Palestinian Authority grant no.0306458.

Nevertheless, this activity is comparable with the activity of the growth-promoting bacteria and efficient native producer of ACCD, P. putida UW4 (Todorovic & Glick, 2008), and is sufficient to induce root elongation in canola seedlings (Table 1). In P. citrinum, it is suggested that ACC derived from ACC synthase activity accumulates in the cells and this induces ACCD activity (Jia et al., 2000). In Trichoderma, the situation

could be similar. ACC synthase sequences are present in all Trichoderma genomes annotated to date (http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Trire2/Trire2.home.html; http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Trive1/Trive1.home.html), and low basal activity of ACCD can be detected in Trichoderma without exogenous induction. We did not see a significant induction of Tas-acdS by plant roots after either 5 or 24 h (data not shown). In bacteria, induction of enzyme activity is a relatively see more slow and complex process (Glick et al., 2007).

It could be that the induction by plant roots will be detectable following an environmental stress. The role of ACCD activity per se in rhizosphere colonization was assessed. Similar survival of wild-type T203 and mutants inside canola roots was assessed after 4–5 days (Fig. 3b) and after two weeks (data not shown). This is in agreement with previous results on the persistence of Pseudomonas brassicacearum Am3 and its ACCD-deficient mutant in the tomato rhizosphere (Belimov et al., 2007), suggesting that changes in ACCD activity do not markedly affect the ability of bacteria or fungi to colonize plant roots at least over this check details time scale. A significant increase in root length can be discerned in seedlings pretreated with T. asperellum WT, suggesting a growth promotion activity that is lost in the ACCD RNAi lines (Fig. 3a). This new observation of ACCD activity in Trichoderma spp. is of potential interest for different types of applications. There is evidence of various Trichoderma spp. contributing to soil contaminants’ degradation (Verma

et al., 2007). The use of ACCD-containing microorganisms in rhizoremediation of organics-contaminated soil has been proposed (Arshad et al., 2007). Prolific root growth could maximize rates of hyperaccumulation of inorganic contaminants or rhizodegradation of of organic pollutants, and thus accelerate phytoremediation. In future work, it will be interesting to evaluate the expression of Tas-acdS in bacterial strains lacking ACCD activity and growth-promoting activity, but possessing other useful biocontrol qualities. We are grateful to Prof. B. Rubin (Plant Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem) for providing canola seeds. This research was partially supported by the USAID-CDR Israel–Uzbekistan–USA, grant no. TA-MOU-03-CA23-036, and by the DFG-Trilateral Cooperation Project between Germany, Israel and the Palestinian Authority grant no.0306458.

Although the serotypes and promoters we tested expressed strongly in cortical pyramidal neurons, cerebellar Purkinje cells, olfactory granule neurons, and striatal interneurons, they produced very little expression in cortical interneurons and granule neurons of the dentate gyrus and cerebellum. Expression in these cell types might be attained using different serotypes and promoters, but must be tested empirically. Finally, there is a strict temporal window during which this technique can be used. Injections must be performed within the first PI3K inhibitor 12–24 h after birth for AAV1, and within the first few days for AAV8. The timing of AAV injection may also limit which cell types can be transduced, as several neuronal populations

are generated after birth. After injection, however, expression of viral transgenes can be readily delayed

using temporal control elements such as Cre recombinase – estrogen receptor and tTA. By optimising its natural mosaic transduction pattern, we discovered that neonatal viral transgenesis opens a wide range of experimental opportunities that are not possible with existing isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibitor methods. Cell-autonomous and cell-extrinsic effects can now be readily distinguished. Purkinje neurons can now be easily manipulated and imaged in vivo. New constructs can be rapidly screened without germline transgenesis. The final advantage of the approach is the rising availability of compatible off-the-shelf viral preparations (e.g. Penn Vector Core and UNC Gene Therapy Center) and vectors (e.g. Addgene) that can be custom packaged into a variety of serotypes. These

resources for viral manipulation complement Fludarabine nmr a growing community of mouse repositories where newly characterised mutant strains can be purchased online (e.g. Jackson Laboratories, MMRRC, GENSAT, EMMA). As both the pattern and expression level of viral-delivered transgenes can depend on a number of factors including the transgene itself, construct design (i.e. promoters and enhancers), capsid serotype, quality of the viral preparation, and viral titer, each new application will require some optimisation. However, the richness of viral manipulation and the rate at which it has recently advanced suggest that, with additional experimentation, a wide range of cell type specificities and novel applications are within reach. We thank Kazuhiro Oka and the Baylor College of Medicine Viral Vector Core for AAV production, Anna Gumpel, Carolyn Allen, Yuanyuan Zhang, and Bryan Song for mouse care, Bernard Lee and Bernard Kuecking from Zeiss for microscope support, Ben Arenkiel for sharing the EF1α-iCre-2A-tdTomato AAV vector, and Roy Sillitoe and Ben Arenkiel for helpful comments on the manuscript. Grant support was from American Health Assistance Foundation Alzheimer’s Disease Research Grant A2010097, National Institute of Aging R21 AG038856, and National Institutes of Health Office of the Director New Innovator Award DP2 OD001734. None.

, 2009). Thus, the question of arsenite binding is of great interest to synthetic biologists involved in engineering of novel molecular entities that could be used in arsenite detection and decontamination. Most of the molecular models of arsenite binding involve thiol-based chemistry. In fact, most of the proteins that have been identified to bind to arsenite and thus have been inactivated by it do so through Cys residues (Hughes,

2002; Kitchin & Wallace, 2004). However, neither Cys residue nor Tyr residues, which have also been reported to bind arsenite in some proteins (Page & Wilson, 1985), are present within the sensory domain of AroS. Perhaps the difference in the mode of binding arsenite is not too surprising when considering the function that AroS performs. This protein needs to be able to bind arsenite reversibly and to selleck chemicals llc be able to respond to changes in arsenite concentrations. Presently, we cannot provide selleck compound a definitive answer of what the mechanism of arsenite sensing is; however, our work provides a foundation for further structural and mechanistic analysis of this regulatory system. In addition, not only do arsenite-oxidizing

bacteria need to be able to sense the presence of arsenite in the environment, but they also need means of evading arsenite toxicity. Our studies have demonstrated for the first time that a mutation in aroS has an effect on the growth of NT-26 in the presence of arsenite. Thus, AroS may play an additional role in the regulation of a pathway involved in tolerance to arsenite. T.H.O. is supported by a Natural Environment Research Council studentship (14404A). Fig. S1. 1D 1H NMR spectra for AroS226–490H273N protein that lacks autophosphorylation activity. Please note: Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for

the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. “
“In this issue, Tordato et al. [1] present interesting findings from the Italian Cohort of Antiretrovial Naive patients (ICONA) study group considering the estimated glomerular Glutathione peroxidase filtration rate (eGFR) and risk factors for mild renal dysfunction, defined as eGFR<90 mL/min/1.73 m2. Since the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy and subsequent dramatic improvements in morbidity and mortality [2], patients with HIV infection live longer and research has increasingly been carried out on comorbidities, including renal disease [3]. There have been a number of recent studies focusing on renal function using different definitions and methodologies which can lead to conflicting results and difficulty in interpreting data. GFR is commonly estimated using the Cockcroft–Gault (CG) formula [4], the Modified Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equations [5], and the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation [6].