Results: PND-1186 solubility dmso More subjects in the sertraline condition increased MA use during treatment (n = 13) than in the placebo condition (n = 5: p = 0.03). Classification trees identified multiple factors from both pre-treatment and

in-treatment data that were associated with increased MA use during treatment. Only elevated in-treatment craving for MA specifically characterized subjects in the sertraline group who increased their MA use.

Conclusions: Some MA-abusing individuals treated with SSRIs have sustained craving with an increased propensity to relapse during treatment despite psychosocial treatment interventions. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.”
“All organisms must maintain a complex dynamic equilibrium, or homeostasis, which is constantly challenged by internal or external adverse forces termed stressors. stress occurs when homeostasis is threatened or perceived to be so; homeostasis is re-established by various physiological and behavioral adaptive responses. Neuroendocrine hormones have major roles in the regulation of both basal homeostasis and responses to

threats, and are involved in the pathogenesis of diseases characterized by dyshomeostasis or cacostasis. The stress response is mediated by the stress system, partly located in the central nervous system and partly in peripheral organs. The central, greatly interconnected effectors of this system include the hypothalamic hormones arginine vasopressin, corticotropin-releasing hormone and pro-opiomelanocortin-derived

peptides, and the locus ceruleus and autonomic norepinephrine centers in the brainstem. Targets of these effectors include the executive learn more and/or cognitive, reward and fear systems, the wake-sleep centers of the brain, the growth, reproductive and thyroid hormone axes, and the gastrointestinal, cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and immune systems. Optimal basal activity and responsiveness of the stress system is essential for a sense of well-being, successful performance of tasks, and appropriate social interactions. By contrast, excessive or inadequate basal activity and responsiveness of this system might impair development, growth and body composition, and lead to a host of AR-13324 molecular weight behavioral and somatic pathological conditions.”
“Miscibility, isothermal melt crystallization kinetics, spherulitic morphology and growth rates, and crystal structure of completely biodegradable poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL)/tannic acid (TA) blends were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, and wide angle X-ray diffraction in detail in this work. PCL and TA are miscible as evidenced by the single composition dependent glass transition temperature over the whole compositions range and the depression of equilibrium melting point of PCL in the PCL/TA blends. Isothermal melt crystallization kinetics of neat PCL and an 80/20 PCL/TA blend was investigated and analyzed by the Avrami equation.

Mutant

analysis demonstrates that the absence of FFT transcript affects flavonoid levels in the plant and that the altered flavonoid metabolism has wide-ranging consequences. Root growth, seed development Birinapant research buy and germination, and pollen development, release and viability are all affected. Spectrometry of mutant versus wild-type flowers shows altered levels of a glycosylated flavonol whereas anthocyanin seems unlikely to be the substrate as previously speculated. Thus, as well as adding FFT to the incompletely described flavonoid transport network, it is found that correct reproductive development in Arabidopsis is perturbed when this particular transporter is missing.”
“By means of the nonequilibrium Green’s function technique, influence of interdot hoppings t’s and intradot many-body interaction U on electronic

transport through parallel triple-quantum-dot (tQD) device in the Coulomb blockade regime are theoretically investigated. In the symmetrical tQD device with uniform interdot hopping t, as t increases starting from zero, the conductance is enhanced due to the opening of new channels for the electronic transport, but as t increases over its critical t(c), the interdot hoppings have an opposite influence, which are well consistent with those obtained VX-770 by the numerical renormalization-group method. The effect of the intradot electron interaction U on the electronic transport through the tQD device is strongly relative to the strength JNK inhibitor of t. For small t, U suppresses the electronic transport and the Coulomb blockade

effect on the dots is dominant. However, for relatively strong t, a small U has a contribution to enhance the electronic transport through the device. These theoretical results can be applied to explain the recent experimental findings on a parallel tQD device. In the asymmetrical parallel tQD device, the symmetry-breaking in the interdot hoppings leads to the increasing on the electronic transport owing to the appearance of more resonance levels in the conductance spectrum. On the basis of this feature, it is proposed that we can obtain some devices with desirable transport properties, such as the molecular charge rectifier, through adjusting the interdot hoppings and the intradot many-body interaction. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3500503]“
“TNF-alpha is a potential proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis. We investigated a possible association between TNF-alpha -308G> A polymorphism and liver cirrhosis risk by conducting a meta-analysis. Publications addressing the association between TNF-alpha -308G> A and liver cirrhosis risk were selected from the Pubmed and Embase databases.

Moreover, the used GIS functionalities, integrated with mathematical approaches, allow to take into consideration, all at once, the multiplicity of sources and impacted receptors within the region of concern, to assess the risks posed by all contaminated sites in the region and, finally, to provide a risk-based ranking of the potentially contaminated sites. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“Background: The venous endothelium is a key regulator of central blood volume, organ perfusion, and hemostasis in heart failure (HF). We

previously reported activation of the inflammatory/oxidative program in venous endothelial Selleck Emricasan cells collected from decompensated HF patients. The underlying Causes are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the pro-inflammatory state of HF and vascular strain associated with congestion can activate the endothelial inflammatory/oxidative and hemostatic programs.

Methods and Results: We studied 6 normal (NL) dogs (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] >50%, central venous pressure [CVP] = 8 +/- 2 mm Hg) and 6 dogs with HF (LVEF similar to 30%, CVP 8 +/- 2 mm Hg) produced CBL0137 nmr by intracoronary microembolizations. Normal clogs were studied at baseline and I hour after fluid load to it target CVP >= 20 mm Hg. Endothelial cells were scraped from jugular veins mRNA expression was analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain

reaction. The endothelial inflammatory/oxidative and hemostatic programs were significantly activated in HF clogs compared with NL. In NL clogs, fluid load significantly activated the endothelial inflammatory/oxidative and hemostatic programs, and, concurrently, caused a significant increase in plasma neurohumoral indices to levels that approached those of HF dogs.

Conclusions: The pro-inflammatory state

of HF and vascular strain 3-MA research buy associated with congestion can both activate venous endothelial cells in dogs in a manner consistent with that seen in HF patients. (J Cardiac Fail 2009;15:457-403)”
“This second part of the review categorizes the site-specific nail tumors, as proposed in the first part, according to their clinical presentations. Acquired localized longitudinal pachyonychia allows for the specific recognition of onychogenic nail tumor, which can be classified into 2 groups according to the predominant compartment of origin within the nail unit as follows: epithelial tumors encompassing onychocytic matricoma and onychocytic carcinoma, and fibroepithelial tumors: the so-called onychomatricoma. As onychomatricoma is neither an epithelial matrical tumor nor a tumor with a limited differentiation toward the matrix, the author proposes instead the descriptive term of panonychoma fibropapilliferum (POP). The designation of POP does convey to the surgical pathologist or the dermatopathologist the key morphological pattern of this tumor.

The median follow-up was 49 months.

RESULTS LND was performed in 59 cases (12.9%; 29 men, 30 women) due to MUP nodal metastases,

including 33 axillary (14.4%) and 26 ilioinguinal (11.3%). In the MUP group, the 3- and 5-year survival rates were 48% and 41%, respectively. Similar rates were observed in patients with KPM, even with matched-pair analyses. Established Vadimezan prognostic factors (number of metastatic nodes, p = .005; extracapsular extension of metastases, p = .002) influenced survival in the MUP group. Relapses occurred in 31 (53%) and 299 (74.7%) cases in the MUP and KPM groups, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS Survival rates in the MUP and KPM groups were similar, and the same prognostic factors

affected both. Thus, all MUP cases should be treated as standard stage III melanomas.”
“Twenty grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) mother-pup pairs from the colony of the Isle of May (Scotland) were sampled at early and late lactation in order to study the transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites (HO-PCBs and HO-PBDEs) as well as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as DDT and metabolites (DDXs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). The transfer of the naturally produced MeO-PBDEs was also investigated. Generally, concentrations (on a lipid weight basis) of the sum of PCBs, PBDEs and DDXs tended to be higher in all tissues at late lactation (for maternal outer blubber Sigma PCBs = 3860 +/- 2091 ng/g, Sigma PBDEs = 120 +/- 74 ng/g and Sigma DDXs = 559 +/- 207 ng/g; BEZ235 order for maternal inner blubber Sigma PCBs = 4229 +/- 3274 ng/g, Sigma PBDEs = 148 +/- 118 ng/g and Sigma DDXs = 704 +/- 353 ng/g; for maternal serum Sigma PCBs = 1271 +/- 796 ng/g, Sigma PBDEs = 27 +/- 16 ng/g and Sigma DDXs = 242 +/- 125 LY2835219 cell line ng/g; for milk Sigma PCBs = 1190 +/- 747 ng/g, Sigma PBDEs = 55 +/- 36 ng/g

and Sigma DDXs = 357 +/- 160 ng/g; for pup serum Sigma PCBs = 1451 +/- 901 ng/g, Sigma PBDEs = 48 +/- 31 ng/g and Sigma DDXs = 395 +/- 201 ng/g). In all tissues. Sigma MeO-PBDEs were found at very low levels or even undetected and their concentrations appeared to increase at late lactation only in maternal inner blubber (2.7 +/- 1.3 to 5.3 +/- 2.9 ng/g for early and late lactation, respectively) and milk (0.6 +/- 0.3 to 1.1 +/- 0.5 ng/g for early and late lactation, respectively). The transfer from inner blubber to maternal serum was selective and strongly depended on the log K-ow value of the compounds, with less lipophilic compounds being more efficiently released. Only a limited amount of HO-PCBs was transferred during lactation as 4-HO-CB-107 was the only metabolite detected in milk (29 to 40 pg/g lw). On the contrary, most of HO-PCB metabolites found in maternal serum were also detected in pup serum.

Using this novel approach, we identify unique sets of directed relationships in Saccharomyces cerevisiae when analyzing genome-wide gene expression data for an intercross between a wild strain and a lab strain. We recover novel putative network relationships between a tyrosine biosynthesis gene (TYR1), and genes involved in endocytosis (RCY1), the spindle checkpoint (BUB2), sulfonate catabolism (JLP1), and cell-cell communication (PRM7). Our algorithm provides a

synthesis of feature selection methods and graphical model theory that has the potential to reveal new directed regulatory relationships selleck inhibitor from the analysis of population level genetic and gene expression data.”
“High power lasers such as NIF in the USA or LMJ in France are being developed for inertial confinement fusion applications. However, the performance of the optics is limited by laser-induced damage (LID), which occurs, for instance, in the potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4 or KDP) crystals utilized for frequency conversion. An accurate equation of state (EOS) is required to explain the LID process and to predict damage size. For the design selleck of such EOS, a pulsed

electron beam was used to generate a quasi-plane stress wave of 0.7 GPa in KDP. The sample response was deduced from photonic Doppler velocimetry. Equations of state and deviatoric stress components are designed and compared to experimental data. They are used in laser-induced bulk damage simulations, showing that strength may play a significant role. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. P505-15 inhibitor [doi: 10.1063/1.3600210]“
“Castleman’s disease (CD) is an uncommon disorder of the lymphoid

hyperplasia. It is especially rare in the retroperitoneum or perirenal area. We report the case of a 62-year-old woman who had an abdominal mass localized above the right kidney in the region of the right adrenal gland found by computed tomography scan. The patient subsequently underwent an exploratory laparotomy. Pathological examination revealed retroperitoneal localized CD (LCD) of the hyaline vascular type. Diversity of disease sites and nonspecificity of clinical manifestations lead to diagnostic difficulties. Therefore, diagnosis is mainly achieved via lymph node biopsy or pathological examination. Like in the reported case, LCD usually has a good prognosis after complete resection of the lesion. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“The computational detection of regulatory elements in DNA is a difficult but important problem impacting our progress in understanding the complex nature of eukaryotic gene regulation. Attempts to utilize cross-species conservation for this task have been hampered both by evolutionary changes of functional sites and poor performance of general-purpose alignment programs when applied to non-coding sequence.

(C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The influence of two types of surface treatments (aminosilane and Lica-12) on the mechanical and thermal properties AZD8055 of polypropylene (PP) filled with single and hybrid filler (silica and mica) was studied. An improvement in tensile properties and impact strength

was found for both treatments compared to those of untreated composites. However, the filler with silane coupling agent showed better improvement compared to the filler with Lica-12 coupling agent. This was due to better adhesion between filler and matrix. Thermal analysis indicates that surface treatments increased the nucleating ability of filler, but decreased the coefficient of thermal expansion of PP composites. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 120: 857-865, 2011″
“Glucose is an energy substrate, as well as the primary source of nucleotide

sugars, which are utilized as donor substrates in protein glycosylation. Appropriate glycosylation is necessary to maintain the stability of protein, and is also important in the localization and trafficking of proteins. The dysregulation of glycosylation results Stattic order in the development of a variety of disorders, such as cancer, diabetes mellitus and emphysema. Glycosylation is kinetically regulated by dynamically changing the portfolio of glycosyltransferases, nucleotide sugars, and nucleotide sugar transporters, which together form a part of what is currently referred to as the “”Glycan cycle”". An excess or a deficiency in the expression of glycosyltransferases has been shown to alter the glycosylation pattern, which subsequently leads to the onset, progression and exacerbation of a number of diseases. Furthermore, alterations in intracellular nucleotide sugar levels can also modulate glycosylation patterns. It is observed that pathological hypoxic microenvironments frequently occur in solid cancers and inflammatory foci. Hypoxic conditions dramatically change gene expression profiles, by activating hypoxia-inducible factor-1,

which mediates adaptive cellular responses. Hypoxia-induced glycosyltransferases and nucleotide selleck sugar transporters have been shown to modulate glycosylation patterns that are part of the mechanism associated with cancer metastasis. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 also induces the expression of glucose transporters and various types of glycolytic enzymes, leading to shifts in glucose metabolic patterns. This fact strongly suggests that hypoxic conditions are an important factor in modulating various nucleotide sugar biosynthetic pathways. This review discusses some of the current thinking of how hypoxia alters glucose metabolic fluxes that can modulate cellular glycosylation patterns and consequently modify cellular functions, particularly from the standpoint of the N-acetylglucosamine cycle, a part of the “”Glycan cycle”".

These measurements revealed that all the properties of the nanocomposite coatings were improved noticeable, by the addition of sol-gel precursor into the coating

formulation. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the incorporation of sol-gel precursor into the polyimide matrix leads to an enhancement in the thermal stability JQ1 price and also flame resistance properties of the coating material. The surface morphology of the hybrid coating was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM studies indicated that nanometer-scaled inorganic particles were homogenously dispersed throughout the polyimide matrix (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J AppI Polym Sci 115: 3256-3264, 2010″
“Th1 up-regulation seems to favour autoimmunity, while Th2 up-regulation seems to favour humoral immunity. Accordingly, subjects affected by atopic diseases (such as allergic respiratory diseases, ARDs) should be less prone to autoimmune

diseases (such as multiple sclerosis, MS), and vice versa. The recent identification of Th17 cells, which seem to favour the development of both autoimmunity and allergy, led to the MK-2206 supplier revision of the classic Th1/Th2 paradigm. We studied 200 MS patients and 200 controls to analyze the relationships between ARDs and MS. MS patients had less probability to suffer from ARDs (OR = 0.30, p < 0.001) and allergic rhinitis (OR = 0.25, p < 0.001), after adjusting for environmental factors. MS tended to be less severe when associated to ARDs. Our findings this website add some elements for the comprehension of immune mechanisms involved in MS pathogenesis and suggest to analyze other MS cohorts, in order to evaluate if MS patients affected by allergic diseases show particular clinical findings.”
“Lactulose has been successfully synthesized by dual-enzymatic method in organic-aqueous two-phase media using lactose and fructose as the raw materials. Cyclohexane-buffer system C(6)H(12):buffer = 95:5 (v/v) was employed as the organic-aqueous

media for the reaction. The dual-enzymatic system was consisted of immobilized lactase (IL) and immobilized glucose isomerase (IGI). Immobilized lactase was prepared by cross-linking the free lactase into Fe(3)O(4)-chitosan magnetic microspheres. The main enzymatic reaction parameters were investigated, including reaction temperature (T), pH value and reaction time (t). Under the optimum reaction conditions, i.e., lactose 0.8 g mL(-1), fructose 0.1 g mL(-1), IL 0.1 g mL(-1), IGI 0.05 g mL(-1), T = 30 degrees C, pH = 8.0 and t = 2 h, the obtained highest lactulose yield was approximately 151 g L(-1) and the corresponding productivity was 75.5 g L(-1) h(-1). Experimental results indicated that the organic-aqueous media can significantly promoted the transglycosidation activity of lactase and therefore improve the lactulose yield. The possible reaction mechanism of the synthesis of lactulose using IL and IGI in two-phase system was also proposed.

We found only two studies

supporting the use of De Vega’s suture annuloplasty over ring annuloplasty. Therefore, most of the tabulated studies show good evidence in support of ring annuloplasty compared with De Vega’s suture repair for treatment of moderate to severe TV regurgitation. One cohort study identified a 20.4% postoperative PXD101 research buy failure rate for tricuspid regurgitation (TR) repair and concluded non-application of ring as a predictor for reoperation. One cohort study with a mean follow-up of 17 months reported success rates as high as 97% with ring annuloplasty for TV regurgitation. One large cohort study of 2277 patients with TR who had undergone repair reported a sustained reduction in TR and the rate of recurrence in a 5-year echocardiographic follow-up. One cohort study of 129 patients concluded that ring annuloplasty has the lowest rate of recurrence compared with De Vega’s suture repair. An old randomized controlled trial (RCT) on the subject also reported a similar result to the mentioned studies. In contrast, we reviewed one recent study and four older studies and found no significant difference between the two techniques. We reviewed one study that reported De Vega’s suture repair as a superior technique to ring annuloplasty. We conclude that there is good evidence supporting ring annuloplasty over high throughput screening conventional De Vega’s suture annuloplasty.”
“Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias are a heterogeneous group of neurological disorders.

In 1981, a neurological entity comprised www.selleckchem.com/HIF.html by early onset progressive cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria, pyramidal weakness of the limbs and retained or increased upper limb reflexes and knee jerks was described. This disorder is known as early onset cerebellar ataxia with retained tendon reflexes. In this article, we aimed to call attention for the diagnosis of early onset cerebellar ataxia with retained tendon reflexes as the second most common cause of autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias, after Friedreich ataxia, and also to perform a clinical spectrum study of this

syndrome. In this data, 12 patients from different families met all clinical features for early onset cerebellar ataxia with retained tendon reflexes. Dysarthria and cerebellar atrophy were the most common features in our sample. It is uncertain, however, whether early onset cerebellar ataxia with retained tendon reflexes is a homogeneous disease or a group of phenotypically similar syndromes represented by different genetic entities. Further molecular studies are required to provide definitive answers to the questions that remain regarding early onset cerebellar ataxia with retained tendon reflexes.”
“Cancer is arguably the ultimate complex biological system. Solid tumors are microstructured soft matter that evolves as a consequence of spatio-temporal events at the intracellular (e.g., signaling pathways, macromolecular trafficking), intercellular (e.g., cellcell adhesion/communication), and tissue (e.g.

Clinical neurologic deficit was evaluated using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale on admission, at 24 hours, and 7 days later. A 90-day clinical outcome was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Results: There was no significant difference in the clinical outcome between the patients treated with thrombolysis within the first 4.5 hours and those treated between 4.5 and 12 hours. The 2 groups both had recanalization, mRS, and favorable outcome at 90 days (P>.05). Conclusions: Our study suggested that fast MR-based thrombolysis

using rt-PA was safe selleckchem and reliable in superacute infarction within 4.5 hours and 4.5-12 hours poststroke.”
“Purpose of reviewHigh-risk prostate cancer often represents a lethal disease requiring timely diagnosis and effective therapy. Standardized criteria that define high-risk prostate cancer have yet to be established, rendering the discrimination of high-risk from nonhigh-risk patients a challenge. This review summarizes the contemporary definitions of high-risk prostate cancer and their clinical utility.

Recent findingsAs currently defined, high-risk prostate cancer constitutes a heterogeneous group of tumors with varying pathological features and inconsistent outcomes. Some high-risk patients may harbor systemic disease

and relapse after local definitive therapy, whereas a substantial proportion have localized cancers and may be cured by surgery see more alone. If properly identified, these high-risk patients should be deemed candidates for curative treatment and spared the morbidity of systemic therapy. Selleck S3I-201 Additional information derived from systematic prostate biopsy, magnetic resonance findings, and, possibly, pretreatment prostate-specific antigen kinetics may be incorporated into the currently available models to yield a better prediction and to allow more informed decision-making.

SummaryThe quandary of how to define high-risk prostate cancer is pertinent.

Various contemporary definitions of high-risk prostate cancer are available, most of which lack adequate sensitivity and specificity. Patients with high-risk clinically localized prostate cancer, by any of the current definitions, should not be uniformly disqualified from local definitive therapy with curative intent.”
“Two new sesquiterpene lactones, minimolides G (1) and H (2), were isolated from the supercritical fluid extract of Centipeda minima. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive analyses of spectroscopic data including IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR. Compounds 1 and 2 displayed inhibitory activity against human nasopharyngeal cancer cell line (CNE) with IC50 values of 61.4 and 28.7 mu M, respectively.”
“Dialysis patients and patients post-renal transplantation can be predisposed to Legionella infections. The aim of this work was to investigate the prevalence of L.

Expression of PEDF and CD34-positive vessels (microvessel density, MVD) in tumor samples was examined by immunohistochemistry. The relationship between PEDF expression and clinicopathologic features including tumor diameter, MVD, and survival was evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Of 203

patients, 116 cases (57.1%) were positive for PEDF. A significant association was found between PEDF expression and high MVD (p = 0.012). PEDF expression was inversely correlated with grade (p = 0.004) and pT stage (p = 0.001). Multivariate analysis using the Cox regression model indicated CBL0137 that PEDF expression was an independent favorable prognostic factor (risk ratio, 4.105; p = 0.001). However, no significant correlation was found between PEDF expression and age, gender, IWR-1-endo clinical trial tumor diameter or lymph node invasion. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that PEDF may be a favorable prognostic indicator in patients with CCRCC. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Mechanistic

inter-relationships in sinks between sucrose compartmentation/metabolism and phloem unloading/translocation are poorly understood. Developing grain legume seeds provide tractable experimental systems to explore this question. Metabolic demand by cotyledons is communicated to phloem unloading and ultimately import by sucrose withdrawal from the seed apoplasmic space via a turgor-homeostat mechanism. What is unknown is how metabolic demand is communicated to cotyledon sucrose transporters responsible for withdrawing check details sucrose from the apoplasmic space. This question was explored here using a pea rugosus mutant (rrRbRb) compromised in starch biosynthesis compared with its wild-type counterpart (RRRbRb). Sucrose influx into cotyledons was found to account for 90% of developmental variations in their absolute growth and hence starch biosynthetic rates. Furthermore, rr and RR cotyledons shared identical response

surfaces, indicating that control of transporter activity was likely to be similar for both lines. In this context, sucrose influx was correlated positively with expression of a sucrose/H(+) symporter (PsSUT1) and negatively with two sucrose facilitators (PsSUF1 and PsSUF4). Sucrose influx exhibited a negative curvilinear relationship with cotyledon concentrations of sucrose and hexoses. In contrast, the impact of intracellular sugars on transporter expression was transporter dependent, with expression of PsSUT1 inhibited, PsSUF1 unaffected, and PsSUF4 enhanced by sugars. Sugar supply to, and sugar concentrations of, RR cotyledons were manipulated using in vitro pod and cotyledon culture.