Withdrawal from these agents leads to Increased WASO. Substances of abuse also Impact sleep. Acute and chronic alcohol Ingestion and withdrawal from alcohol affect sleep, as has been described above under substanceinduced sleep disorder. Acute ingestion of opioids, such as heroin

or methadone, profoundly disrupts sleep continuity and staging with increased brief arousals, reduces TST, decreases stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep, and reduces REM sleep.86-88 Withdrawal from methadone can produce nocturnal Insomnia lasting for 3 to 5 weeks. After methadone withdrawal, REM sleep and delta sleep Increase.88 Amphetamines and methylphenldate are utilized to treat ADHD, but also have high abuse liability. Acute ingestion of amphetamines Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Increases sleep latency, reduces sleep efficiency, reduces REM latency, and suppresses REM sleep. Withdrawal from amphetamines leads to Increased TST and Increased REM sleep, which can remain elevated for three to five nights. Methamphetamlnes increase average dally sleep latency on the MSLT in a dose-dependent Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical manner for both normal subjects and narcoleptics.75 Methlyphenidate reduces TST, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Increases REM latency, and reduces REM sleep duration. Nicotine produces a dose-dependent Increase In wakefulness and reduction in REM sleep. Discontinuation of chronic nicotine

use leads to Increased number of arousals, awakenings, and sleep stage changes during the week of cessation. Conclusions Sleep problems and psychiatric disorders are codependent conditions that exacerbate each other and lead to Impaired quality of life and Increased disability. Recognition of the symptoms of these various psychiatric problems and their associated sleep Issues has Important therapeutic Implications. Selected

abbreviations and acronyms ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical disorder HI hyperactivity-impulsivity MDD major depressive disorder MSLT mean sleep latency test NREM non-rapid eye movement PD panic disorder PTSD mTOR inhibitor posttraumatic stress disorder REM rapid eye movement SRE sleep-related eating SWS slow-wave sleep TST total sleep time WASO wakefulness Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical after sleep onset
The obvious main symptom of hypersomnia Is a constant complaint of excessive daytime sleep or sleepiness, which affects the heptaminol everyday life of the patient. In our mechanized societies, It may Impair work performance and even be Involved In accidents at work or while driving. Although hypersomnia syndromes have been described for more than a century, starting with narcolepsy,1 it is only in the last 30 years that modern sleep medicine has stressed the health and economic impacts of falling asleep at any time. Hypersomnia syndromes affect a growing proportion of the 15% to 30% of people suffering from sleep problems. Hypersomnia is present in 4% to 6% of the general population,2 with a higher prevalence in men because of sleep apnea syndromes, the main purveyor of excessive daytime sleepiness.