For a sufficiently large charge imbalance, the electric field generated by the nanoparticle will be able to engender anodic etching not only at the nanoparticle/Si interface but also deeper into the surrounding Si. Electropolishing will occur at the nanoparticle/Si interface where the potential is highest. Farther away from the metal/Si interface, the electric field is high enough to induce either valence 2 or valence 4 etching and the production of nanocrystalline porous Si. A porous layer

surrounding the metal/Si interface would allow for transport of the etchant solution to the interface, which will facilitate etching and the transport of both reactants to and products away from the reactive PSI-7977 molecular weight interface. The oxidant primarily injects holes at the top of the metal nanoparticle rather than at the metal/Si interface, as illustrated Sapanisertib purchase in Figure 3. Figure 3 The mechanism of metal-assisted etching. Charge accumulation on

the metal nanoparticle generates an electric field. Close to the particle, the effective applied see more voltage is sufficient to push etching into the electropolishing regime, facilitating the formation of an etch track approximately the size of the nanoparticle. Further way, the lower voltage corresponds to the porous silicon formation regime. Conclusions The band structure of the metal/Si interface does not facilitate the diffusion of charge away from a metal after an oxidant has injected a hole into the metal. Therefore, the Bumetanide holes injected into the metal are not directly available to induce etching in Si. It is proposed here that the catalytic injection of holes by an oxidant in solution to a metal (film or nanoparticle) in metal-assisted etching (MAE) leads to a steady state charge imbalance in the metal. This excess charge induces an electric field in the vicinity of the metal and biases the surrounding Si. Close to the metal, the potential is raised sufficiently to induce etching with electropolishing character. Further away from the metal, the potential is sufficient to induce etching that leads to the formation of porous

silicon by either a valence 2 or valence 4 process. The balance between valence 2 etching, valence 4 etching, and electropolishing varies depending on the chemical identity of the metal. Authors’ information KWK is a Professor of Chemistry as well as a Chartered Chemist (Royal Society of Chemistry) with a Ph.D. in Chemical Physics from Stanford University and a B.S. in Chemistry from the University of Pittsburgh. Acknowledgements Experiments concerning the stoichiometry of metal-assisted etching to be reported elsewhere were performed together with William B. Barclay, now at the University of Maine. Electron microscopy in support of these experiments was performed with Yu Sun and Mark Aindow at the University of Connecticut.

The as-synthesized CuGaS2 nanoplates adopt a unique crystal structure of wurtzite-zincblende polytypism. In the growth process of CuGaS2 nanoplates, copper sulfides firstly formed, and then the as-formed copper sulfides

were gradually phase-transformed to CGS nanoplates with proceeding of the reaction. The optical bandgap energy of the nanoplates is estimated to be approximately 2.24 eV. Our results will aid in the application of two-dimensional CuGaS2 nanoplates and the synthesis of other multicomponent sulfide nanomaterials. Acknowledgements FK866 price This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 91022033, No. 21171158), and National Basic Research Program of China (2010CB934700). Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1:

Three crystal structure models of CuGaS2 and an XRD pattern of an intermediate sample. Figure S1. Three crystal structure models of CuGaS2 (a) tetragonal chalcopyrite structure; (b) cation-disordered cubic zincblende modification, (c) cation-disordered hexagonal wurtzite phase. Figure S2. XRD pattern of a sample collected at 220°C for 0 min. In the present case, Cu2-xS (JCPDS 23–0959) seems to contribute to the experimental pattern. (DOC 872 KB) References 1. Zhong H, Bai Z, Zou B: Tuning the luminescence properties of colloidal I–III–VI semiconductor nanocrystals for optoelectronics and biotechnology applications. J Phys Chem Lett 2012, 3:3167–3175.CrossRef 2. Aldakov D, Lefrancois A, Reiss P: Ternary and quaternary metal chalcogenide nanocrystals: synthesis, properties and applications. J Mater Chem C 2013, JPH203 ic50 1:3756–3776.CrossRef 3. Panthani MG, Akhavan V, Goodfellow B, Schmidtke JP, Dunn L, MK5108 molecular weight Dodabalapur A, Barbara PF, Korgel BA: Synthesis of CuInS 2 , CuInSe 2 , and Cu(In x Ga 1- x )Se 2 (CIGS) nanocrystal “inks” for printable photovoltaics. J Am Chem Soc 2008, 130:16770–16777.CrossRef 4. Tsuji

I, Kato H, Kudo A: Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution on ZnS-CuInS 2 -AgInS 2 solid solution photocatalysts with wide visible light absorption bands. Chem Mater 2006, 18:1969–1975.CrossRef 5. Song WS, Yang H: Efficient 4��8C white-light-emitting diodes fabricated from highly fluorescent copper indium sulfide core/shell quantum dots. Chem Mater 2012, 24:1961–1967.CrossRef 6. Pons T, Pic E, Lequeux N, Cassette E, Bezdetnaya L, Guillemin F, Marchal F, Dubertret B: Cadmium-free CuInS 2 /ZnS quantum dots for sentinel lymph node imaging with reduced toxicity. ACS Nano 2010, 4:2531–2538.CrossRef 7. Xie RG, Rutherford M, Peng XG: Formation of high-quality I-III-VI semiconductor nanocrystals by tuning relative reactivity of cationic precursors. J Am Chem Soc 2009, 131:5691–5697.CrossRef 8. Pan DC, An LJ, Sun ZM, Hou W, Yang Y, Yang ZZ, Lu YF: Synthesis of Cu-In-S ternary nanocrystals with tunable structure and composition. J Am Chem Soc 2008, 130:5620–5621.CrossRef 9.

The data set was divided into four parts and examined to ensure a minimum representation of each gene region in each part of the tree to prevent skewing: 59–95 % for ITS, 91–98 % for LSU, 32–83 % SSU, and 29–54 % RPB2 except for the Hygrophorus-Chromosera group with 15 % rpb2. Specimens selleck chemicals examined and drawings All of the cited types, specimens sequenced, and the specimens illustrated by drawings were examined by DJ Lodge with the exceptions noted below. Aeruginospora singularis had a type study by E Horak (FH). Types and collections of Hygrophorus spp. s.s. were examined by E Larsson, except A Kovalenko examined those from Russia and DJ Lodge examined those from Belize, the

Dominican Republic and Japan. Types and collections sequenced in subf. Lichenomphalioideae were examined by R Lücking, SA Redhead and LL Norvell, except for Lichenomphalia hudsoniana and L. umbellifera which were collected and examined by J Geml, and Cantharellula umbonata and C. humicola which were examined by DE Desjardin and DJ Lodge. T Læssøe collected and examined Chromosera and Haasiella from Russia and Danish collections of Chrysomphalina and Pseudoomphalina. G Griffith examined collections from Wales. Collections at Kew were matched

to reference ITS sequences, and M Ainsworth (B Dentinger et al., unpublished) re-determined them with microscopy. D Boertmann examined some collections selleck chemicals llc from ABT-888 cell line Hungary, but they are not deposited in recognized fungaria. Drawings of hand cut sections were made by DJ Lodge with the aid of an Olympus microscope and drawing tube. Locations where collections that were sequenced are deposited are given in Online Resource 1. Collection numbers for drawings are given

in the figure captions; these collections are deposited at CFMR, except for Aeruginospora singularis (BO); Cantharellula umbonata and C. humicola (SFSU); Hygrocybe appalachianensis (DMWV); Humidicutis pura (K); Ampulloclitocybe Phospholipase D1 clavipes, Cuphophyllus acutoides var. pallidus, C. aff. pratensis, Gloioxanthomyces vitellinus, Humidicutis auratocephalus and Pseudoarmillariella ectypoides (TENN). Results and discussion Ecology The Hygrophoraceae is known to comprise genera with different nutritional strategies, including known biotrophic associations with ectomycorrhizal plants, algae, cyanobacteria and mosses (Lawrey et al. 2009; Seitzman et al. 2011; Tedersoo et al. 2010). The remaining genera in Hygrophoraceae were putatively regarded as saprotrophic, but recent data derived from stable isotope ratios are at variance with that assumption (Griffith et al. 2002; Griffith 2004; Seitzman et al. 2011). Knowledge about nutritional strategies is important for conservation of species of Hygrophoraceae, and many species are reported as threatened in Europe and Australia (Boertmann 2010; Gärdenfors 2010; Griffith 2004; Griffith et al. 2002, 2004; Kearney and Kearney 2000; Young 2005).

5 V, while for the point contacts in Figure 5c, the threshold voltage does not exceed 1 V. It is also noticed that there is a different response of the I-Vs in the two metal-dielectric-metal devices.

Figure 5 C -AFM measurements of a- TaN x . (a) Positive I-V curves (solid lines) of TaN x deposited on Au for four different points fitted by the space-charge-limited current (SCLC) model (dash lines). (b) Negative I-V curves (solid lines) of TaN x deposited on Au for the same points presented in (a) fitted by the SCLC Epigenetic Reader Domain inhibitor model (dash lines). (c) Positive I-V curves of TaN x deposited on Si for three different points. The conductive part of the I-Vs exhibits an OSI-027 cell line almost parabolic to almost ohmic behavior (d) Negative I-V curves of TaN x deposited on Si for the points presented

in (b). In all I-Vs, the leakage current is quite high, displaying also a very noisy profile. In general, the total current flowing through a semiconductor can be written as I tot = I b + I s, where I b is the current from the bulk part of the film and I s includes the electronic conduction through the surface states and through the space charge layer beneath the surface. Taking into account the amorphous nature of the semiconducting film, the main conduction mechanism from the bulk is expected to be the Poole-Frenkel effect [43]. Usually in amorphous materials, the predominant

conduction mechanism is the Poole-Frenkel effect, i.e., the thermal emission of electrons from charged vacancies, attributed to impurities and defects that are present in large numbers inside the bulk of the amorphous matrix [43, 44]. In the present samples, charged nitrogen Anlotinib vacancies act like Coulombic traps that promote the injection of electrons from the Au or Ag bottom electrode as the electric field increases during forward bias direction and from Pt/Ir tip during the reverse bias direction. For Poole-Frenkel emission, the current density is given by [45]: (1) where C and β are material dependent constants, E is the induced electric field, q is the electron charge, T is the temperature, k is the Boltzmann NADPH-cytochrome-c2 reductase constant, and φ is the ionization potential in V. The constant C is related to charge carrier mobility and trap’s density, while β is related to the dielectric constant ε 0 ε r via (2) Other possible charge carrier transport mechanisms from the bulk of the film could be thermionic emission of charge carriers across the metal-dielectric interface or field emission by electron tunneling from the metal or charge traps to the quasi-conduction band of the amorphous semiconductor [46]. These mechanisms have also exponential like I-V behavior.

Comptes Rendus De L Academie Des Sciences Serie Iii-Sciences De La Vie-Life Sciences 1994, 317:461–470. 29. Hoffmann AA, Turelli M: Cytoplasmic incompaibility in insects. In Influential passengers: inherited microorganisms and arthropod reproduction. Edited by: O’Neil S, Hoffmann AA, Werren JH. Oxford University Press; 1997:42–80. 30. Fenton A, Johnson KN, Brownlie JC, Hurst GD: Solving the Wolbachia paradox: modeling the tripartite interaction

between host, Wolbachia, and a natural enemy. Am Nat 2011, 178:333–342.PubMedCrossRef 31. Jiggins FM, Hurst GD, Jiggins CD, v d Schulenburg JH, Majerus ME: The butterfly Danaus chrysippus is infected by a P505-15 Male-killing Spiroplasma bacterium. Parasitology 2000,120(Pt 5):439–446.PubMedCrossRef 32. Duron O, Bouchon D, Boutin S, Bellamy L, Zhou LQ, Engelstadter J, Hurst GD: The diversity of reproductive parasites among arthropods: Wolbachia do not walk alone. BMC Biology 2008., 6: MG-132 33. Hurst GDD, Johnson AP, von der Schulenburg JHG, Fuyama Y: Male-killing Wolbachia in Drosophila: a temperature-sensitive trait with a threshold bacterial density. Genetics 2000, 156:699–709.PubMed 34. Büchen-Osmond, C (Eds): Index of viruses – Dicistroviridae [http://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​ICTVdb/​Ictv/​fs_​index.​htm] In ICTVdB – The Universal Virus Database, version 4 Columbia University, New York, USA; 35. Brun G, Plus N: The viruses of Drosophila. In The genetics and biology of Drosophila. Edited by: Ashburner M, Wright TRF.

New York: Elafibranor in vivo Academic Press; 1980:625–702. 36. Johnson KN, Christian PD: Molecular characterization of Drosophila C virus isolates. J Invertebr Pathol 1999, 73:248–254.PubMedCrossRef 37. Kapun M, Nolte V, Flatt T, Schlotterer C: Host range and specificity of the Drosophila

C Virus. Plos One 2010, 5:e12421.PubMedCrossRef 38. Jousset FX: Host range of Drosophila-Melanogaster C Virus among Diptera and Lepidoptera. Annales De Microbiologie 1976, A127:529-&. 39. Büchen-Osmond, C (Eds): Index of viruses – Nodaviridae [http://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​ICTVdb/​Ictv/​fs_​index.​htm] In ICTVdB – The Universal Virus Database, version 4 Columbia University, New York USA; 40. Scotti PD, Dearing S, Chlormezanone Mossop DW: Flock house virus – a Nodavirus isolated from Costelytra-Zealandica (White) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Archives of Virology 1983, 75:181–189.PubMedCrossRef 41. Dasgupta R, Cheng LL, Bartholomay LC, Christensen BM: Flock house virus replicates and expresses green fluorescent protein in mosquitoes. Journal of General Virology 2003, 84:1789–1797.PubMedCrossRef 42. Dasgupta R, Free HM, Zietlow SL, Paskewitz SM, Aksoy S, Shi L, Fuchs J, Hu C, Christensen BM: Replication of flock house virus in three genera of medically important insects. J Med Entomol 2007, 44:102–110.PubMedCrossRef 43. Price BD, Rueckert RR, Ahlquist P: Complete replication of an animal virus and maintenance of expression vectors derived from it in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996, 93:9465–9470.PubMedCrossRef 44.

Eventually, the voids will reach such a big size to cause a lift-off of the layers with the formation of surface blisters, as observed by AFM. The blisters correspond therefore to bubbles containing selleck molecular H2. They have developed from microscopic cavities, decorated by clustered mono-hydrides and (Si-H2) n , n ≥ 1, complexes, which have increased their volume because of the increase of the inside pressure due to the thermal expansion of the H2 gas upon annealing. It was seen in previous works on a-Si, a-Ge layers and a-Si/a-Ge multilayers that

for annealing time and/or temperature higher than those considered here, further degradation of the layer surface occurs by explosion of the blisters [19, 20]. Table 2 Total integrated intensity (cm −1 ) of the IR stretching mode Annealing time (h) I SM(cm−1)   H = 0.4 ml/min H = 0.8 ml/min H = 1.5 ml/min    0 12.8 30.8 72.1    1 11.4 26.8 52.5    4 10.5 24.2 45.1 Total integrated intensity (cm−1) of the IR stretching mode, I SM, as a function of annealing time for the different hydrogenation rates. Selleck AZD6244 Conclusions The origin of surface blisters that form in hydrogenated

RF-sputtered a-Si layers submitted to annealing has been investigated by studying the evolution of the Si-hydrogen bonds by means of IR spectroscopy. By increasing the annealing time and/or H content, the blister size increased. Correspondingly, IR spectroscopy showed that the density of the isolated Si-H mono-hydrides decreased, while JNJ-64619178 nmr the concentration of the clustered (Si-H) n groups and (Si-H2) n , n ≥ 1, polymers increased. As both these complexes

reside on the inner surfaces of voids, it is concluded that their accumulation at such surfaces favours the void size increase. It was also seen that the total amount of bonded H decreased upon annealing, suggesting that some H is released from its bonds to Si. The H liberated from the (Si-H) n groups and (Si-H2) n polymers decorating Bumetanide the void surfaces is expected to form molecular H2 within the voids. The expansion of the H2 gas would cause further growth of the voids up to a size able to produce surface blistering. Authors’ information MS is a scientific adviser at the Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. CF is a senior scientist at the IMEM Institute of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parma, Italy. ZS is a PhD student and young researcher at the Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. KK is a research professor at the Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. LN is a researcher at the IMEM Institute of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parma, Italy.

There are few studies on the uptake of bacteria by B cells. A number of bacteria, including mycobacteria [14], Salmonella typhimurium (ST) [15], IgM-opsonised Staphylococcus aureus[16], Listeria monocytogenes[17], and, more recently, Francisella tularensis[11], have been found to be internalised by B-cell lines or primary culture, although the

precise mechanism that is responsible for their internalisation has not yet been elucidated. The B-cell bacterial endocytic activity has recently been recognised in lower-vertebrate species, such c-Met inhibitor as fishes or frogs, and interestingly, these cells also exert potent antimicrobial activity [10]. We previously demonstrated that non-phagocytic cells, such as type II pneumocytes (A549 cells), internalised pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacteria through macropinocytosis [18, 19], and that this process was driven by metabolically active mycobacteria (live). To extend the study on the mycobacteria-triggered endocytic pathway that is responsible for the internalisation of invading non-phagocytic cells, we decided to analyse the internalisation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and Mycobacterium smegmatis (MSM) in B cells using scanning and transmission electron microscopy,

confocal microscopy, and endocytic inhibitors to demonstrate that in Raji B cells, both of these mycobacteria are internalised through macropinocytosis. For validation, we compared our results with the internalisation features of Salmonella typhimurium, https://www.selleckchem.com/products/geneticin-g418-sulfate.html which was recently described to be internalised through macropinocytosis [20]. Methods B cells The Raji cell line, a human B lymphoblast cell line, was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, CCL-86). The cells were grown in RPMI-1640 with 10% fetal bovine Baf-A1 ic50 serum (FBS) and antibiotics (25 mg/L gentamicin and 50,000 U/L penicillin) at 37°C in

an atmosphere with 5% CO2. Bacteria and bacterial Tideglusib growth supernatants M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC) and M. smegmatis mc2 were grown in Middlebrook 7H9 broth, which was enriched with additional OADC for the growth of M. tuberculosis. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella typhimurium, ST) (ATCC 14028) was grown in Luria broth. All bacteria were cultured at 37°C until achieving log-phase growth. Immediately prior to the use of the bacterial cultures in the different experiments, one aliquot of each culture was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm. The supernatant was then collected and all remaining bacteria were removed by filtration of the supernatant through 0.22-μm filters; the bacteria-free supernatants were then maintained at −70°C until use.

Cell

Microbiol 2007, 9:514–531.Smoothened antagonist PubMedCrossRef 49. Brett PJ, Burtnick MN, Su H, Nair V, Gherardini FC: iNOS activity is critical for the clearance of Burkholderia mallei from infected RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2008, 10:487–498.PubMedCentralPubMed 50. Burtnick MN, Brett PJ, Nair V, Warawa JM, Woods DE, Gherardini FC: Burkholderia pseudomallei type III secretion system mutants exhibit delayed vacuolar escape phenotypes in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Infect Immun 2008, 76:2991–3000.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 51. Harley VS, Dance DA, Drasar BS, Tovey G: Effects of Burkholderia pseudomallei and other Burkholderia species on eukaryotic cells in tissue culture. Microbios 1998, 96:71–93.PubMed 52. Pilatz S, Breitbach K, Hein N, Fehlhaber B, Poziotinib concentration Schulze NU7441 chemical structure J, Brenneke B, Eberl L, Steinmetz I: Identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei genes required for the intracellular life cycle and in vivo virulence. Infect Immun 2006, 74:3576–3586.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 53. Suparak S, Kespichayawattana W, Haque A, Easton A, Damnin S, Lertmemongkolchai G, Bancroft GJ, Korbsrisate S: Multinucleated giant cell formation and apoptosis in infected host cells is mediated by Burkholderia pseudomallei type III secretion protein BipB. J Bacteriol 2005, 187:6556–6560.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

54. Whitmore A: An Account of a Glanders-like Disease occurring in Rangoon. J Hyg 1913, 13:1–34 31.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 55. Schell MA, Ulrich RL, Ribot WJ, Brueggemann EE, Hines HB, Chen D, Lipscomb L, Kim HS, Mrazek J, Nierman WC, Deshazer D: Type

VI secretion is a major virulence determinant in Burkholderia mallei. Mol Microbiol 2007, 64:1466–1485.PubMedCrossRef 56. Shalom G, Shaw JG, Thomas MS: In vivo expression technology identifies a type VI secretion system locus in Burkholderia pseudomallei that is induced upon invasion of macrophages. Microbiology 2007, 153:2689–2699.PubMedCrossRef 57. Muangsombut V, Suparak S, Pumirat Branched chain aminotransferase P, Damnin S, Vattanaviboon P, Thongboonkerd V, Korbsrisate S: Inactivation of Burkholderia pseudomallei bsaQ results in decreased invasion efficiency and delayed escape of bacteria from endocytic vesicles. Arch Microbiol 2008, 190:623–631.PubMedCrossRef 58. Burtnick MN, Brett PJ, Harding SV, Ngugi SA, Ribot WJ, Chantratita N, Scorpio A, Milne TS, Dean RE, Fritz DL, Peacock SJ, Prior JL, Atkins TP, Deshazer D: The cluster 1 type VI secretion system is a major virulence determinant in Burkholderia pseudomallei. Infect Immun 2011, 79:1512–1525.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 59. Utaisincharoen P, Arjcharoen S, Limposuwan K, Tungpradabkul S, Sirisinha S: Burkholderia pseudomallei RpoS regulates multinucleated giant cell formation and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). Microb Pathog 2006, 40:184–189.PubMedCrossRef 60. Toesca IJ, French CT, Miller JF: The T6SS-5 VgrG spike protein mediates membrane fusion during intercellular spread by pseudomallei-group Burkholderia species.

When the concentration reaches to 1 × 10−6 M, all Raman peaks disappear with both kinds of substrates. It is clear that the silver nanoparticle film exhibits a good surface-enhanced Raman scattering effect. Farquharson et al. [38] researched the ability of SERS to measure the 5-fluorouracil in the saliva using silver-doped sol-gels which check details confirmed that the 5-fluorouracil samples of 2 μg mL−1 (1.5 × 10−2 M) were easily measured. Sardo et al. [40] obtained the SERS spectra

of 5-fluorouracil recorded on silver sol and electrode of 10−3 M solution. In our experiment, the Raman signal can be detected in the solution Capmatinib concentration with concentrations as low as 1 × 10−5 M. The apparent enhancement factor can be experimentally measured with direct comparison using the following relation: EF = (RSENH/RSREF) × (C REF/C ENH), where RSENH buy AG-120 and RSREF are the measured Raman intensities and C REF and C ENH are the solution’s concentrations for normal and enhanced samples [41]. The 5-fluorouracil Raman scattering signals on the surface of the silver nanoparticle film exhibit a cross-sectional enhancement factor up to 1.08 × 104. In our experiment, the concentration of solution 1 × 10−1 M was not obtained because of the low solubility. Thus, the enhancement

factor may be higher than 1.08 × 104. From the results we obtained, the film can successfully be used in the detection of the low concentration medicine. With the further optimization, Amisulpride this technique may be utilized in biochemical and trace analytical applications. Figure 7 Raman spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. 5-Fluorouracil solution

and blank Ag film (a) (the inset shows the detail near 3,100 cm−1 with enlarged scale) and different concentrations (b) 1 × 10−2, (c) 1 × 10−3, (d) 1 × 10−4, (e) 1 × 10−5, and (f) 1 × 10−6. In (b to f), the solid curve is the Raman spectroscopy of 5-fluorouracil solution on silver nanoparticle film, and the dash curve is the Raman spectroscopy of 5-fluorouracil solution on silica substrate. Conclusions An innovative concept of preparing silver nanoparticle films based on the coffee ring effect using the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the detection of the low-concentration medicine is demonstrated. Silver nanoparticles with the average size about 70 nm were prepared by reduction of silver nitride. In our experiment, the coffee ring effect was controlled and used for preparing silver nanoparticle films. The silver nanoparticles were spontaneously formed on the surface of the silicon substrate at the temperatures about 50°C based on the coffee ring effect. The quantitative characterization of the surface characteristics shows that the average roughness of the film is from 20.24 to 27.04 nm prepared using the solution of the concentration from 50 mM to 0.1 M. It is evident that the silver nanoparticle film exhibits the remarkable surface-enhanced Raman scattering effect.

1 murine macrophages, or growth inside these cells (data not shown). The bpaC mutants did not show defects in resistance to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum (data not shown), which is another biological function commonly associated with Oca autotransporters [2, 3, 19, 65, 66]. Virulence www.selleckchem.com/products/3-methyladenine.html of B. mallei and B. pseudomallei mutant strains and BpaC expression

in vivo To determine whether BpaC contributes to virulence, we calculated the median lethal dose (LD50) of B. pseudomallei and B. mallei mutant strains in a mouse model of aerosol infection. The model entails the use of a Microsprayer® to deliver bacteria directly into the murine lungs [67]. The device generates aerosol particles from the tip of a bent, 23-gauge nebulizing tube attached to a high-pressure stainless Go6983 ic50 steel syringe that contains bacteria. BALB/c mice were anesthetized and placed

in a custom-designed acrylic holder inside a Class II Biosafety cabinet. A modified pediatric otoscope equipped with a light source was then used to introduce the nebulizing tube portion of the Microsprayer® into the trachea of animals, and 50-μL of bacterial suspension was aerosolized into the lungs by pushing the plunger of the high-pressure syringe. ABT737 Following infection, mice were observed daily for clinical signs of illness and morbidity. As shown in Table  2, the bpaC mutation did not have an impact on the LD50 values of B. mallei ATCC 23344 or B. pseudomallei DD503. Tissues (i.e. lungs, spleen, liver)

from mice that survived the acute phase of infection did not show differences in bacterial loads (data not shown). Based on these results, we conclude that the bpaC mutation does not affect the virulence of B. mallei ATCC 23344 or B. pseudomallei DD503 via the aerosol route of infection. Table 2 Median lethal dose determination PAK6 of B. mallei and B. pseudomallei WT and mutant strains Organism Strain Inoculating dose (CFU) Group size % death LD50(CFU) B. mallei a ATCC 23344 (WT) 9,100 5 100       5,550 5 100       910 9 78 346     455 5 40       91 9 11   B. mallei a bpaC KO (mutant) 10,400 5 100       5,200 6 83       1,040 9 100 238     520 5 40       104 9 22   PBS (control) a   0 5 0   B. pseudomallei b DD503 (WT) 380,000 5 100       38,000 5 100 1,202     3,800 5 100       380 5 0   B. pseudomallei b bpaC KO (mutant) 350,000 5 100       35,000 5 100 1,107     3,500 5 100       350 5 0   PBS (control) b   0 5 0   a mice were monitored daily for clinical signs of illness/morbidity for 10 days post-inoculation. b mice were monitored daily for clinical signs of illness/morbidity for 6 days post-inoculation. To gain insight into the immune response to BpaC during infection, we tested sera from mice that survived aerosol challenge with B. mallei ATCC 23344 and B.