doi:10 ​1111/​j ​1463-1326 ​2010 ​01314 ​x PubMedCrossRef 41 Han

doi:10.​1111/​j.​1463-1326.​2010.​01314.​x.PubMedCrossRef 41. HanDok Amaryl Tab 4 mg (Glimepiride) label. Korean Pharmaceutical Information Center. http://​www.​health.​kr/​images/​insert_​pdf/​IN_​A11AGGGGA5812_​00.​pdf. Accessed 3 Dec 2013. 42. Lim KS, Cho JY, Kim BH, Kim JR, Kim HS, Kim DK, Kim SH, Yim HJ, Lee SH, Shin SG,

Jang IJ, Yu KS. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of LC15-0444, a novel dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, after multiple dosing in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;68:883–90. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1365-2125.​2009.​03376.​xBCP3376.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 43. Mistry GC, Bergman AJ, Zheng W, Hreniuk D, Zinny MA, Regorafenib mw Gottesdiener KM, Wagner JA, Herman GA, Ruddy M. Sitagliptin, an dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, does not alter the pharmacokinetics of the sulphonylurea, glyburide, in

healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;66:36–42. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1365-2125.​2008.​03148.​xBCP3148.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 44. Graefe-Mody U, Rose P, Ring A, Zander K, Iovino M, Woerle HJ. Assessment of the pharmacokinetic interaction between the novel DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin and a sulfonylurea, glyburide, in healthy subjects. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2011;26:123–9 pii: JST.JSTAGE/dmpk/DMPK-10-RG-091.PubMedCrossRef”
“Key Points Cognitive enhancers demonstrate long-term benefit in the treatment of mixed Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cerebrovascular disease Among cerebrovascular diseases, the small vessel subtype may demonstrate greater benefit with cognitive enhancers Randomized clinical trials of AD patients selleck chemicals llc with small vessel cerebrovascular disease are urgently needed in view of the high prevalence of small vessel cerebrovascular disease in AD 1 Introduction Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major cause of dementia, with a global prevalence of

3.9 % in people older than 60 years [1]. The failure of anti-amyloid clinical trials necessitates exploration of other biological SU5402 nmr factors that can potentially delay the onset and progression of AD [2]. Cerebrovascular disease can modify Astemizole the clinical expression and treatment response in AD [3]. Small vessel cerebrovascular disease (svCVD) is prevalent among patients with AD, resulting in mixed AD [4, 5]. On neuroimaging, AD patients with svCVD will demonstrate white matter hyperintensity (WMH) and lacunes [6]. WMH has been strongly associated with other markers of vascular disease [7, 8], greater cognitive impairment in AD, and higher risk of progression from mild cognitive impairment to AD [9–11]. The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study has demonstrated the role of co-prevalent brain lesions such as amyloid pathology, brain atrophy, and microvascular infarcts in AD, hence the importance of recognizing and treating patients with AD and svCVD [12]. Cholinergic dysfunction is well recognized in AD, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have shown benefit on cognitive and functional outcomes in AD [13–16]. Similarly, WMH has been shown to impair cholinergic function in the brain [17].

FT, HO, HK, and KY assisted in designing the work, discussed the

FT, HO, HK, and KY assisted in designing the work, discussed the results, and proofread the manuscript. All the authors read and approved of the final manuscript.”
“Background Light emission from molecules on metal substrates induced by tunneling current of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) has attracted much attention owing to its fascinating new physics and its wide applicability in molecular PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 nano-electronics and nano-optics [1–6]. Since surface plasmons localized near the tip-substrate gap region generate an intense electromagnetic field, effects of the interaction between the intense electromagnetic field and the transition moments of the molecular excitations and de-excitations

are expected to occur [7–11]. Therefore, in STM-induced

Selleckchem CA4P light emission (STM-LE) from the molecule on the metal substrate, the interplay between the excitation/de-excitation processes of the molecule and the surface plasmons plays an important role. To understand this from a microscopic point of view, there is a need to investigate the dynamics of the molecule and the surface plasmons within the framework of quantum many-body theory. We have recently investigated the effects of coupling between a molecular exciton, which consists of an electron and a hole in the molecule, and the surface plasmon (exciton-plasmon coupling) on the luminescence properties of the molecule and the surface plasmons with the aid of the nonequilibrium Green’s function method [12]. Our results have shown that the luminescence spectral profiles of the molecule and the surface plasmons can be strongly influenced by the interplay between their dynamics resulting from the exciton-plasmon coupling. Recently, the emission of photons, whose energy exceeds

the product of the elementary charge and the bias voltage e V bias, (upconverted luminescence) has been observed. Generally, when the excitations of the https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Trichostatin-A.html samples are induced by one tunneling electron, the energy of emitted photons is considered to be less than e V bias. This condition is called the quantum cutoff condition and has been satisfied in most experiments [5, 9, 10]. However, BCKDHA in recent studies of STM-LE from tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) molecules on metal substrates, the upconverted luminescence has been observed despite the fact that e V bias is lower than the highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gap energy E ex [13]. One of the possible mechanisms is as follows: the electronic excitation (de-excitation) of the molecule is induced by the absorption (emission) of the surface plasmon; these electron transitions are accompanied by the excitations of the molecular vibration [14], and the vibrational excitations assist the occurrence of the upconverted luminescence (Figure 1). However, the detailed mechanism for the occurrence of these electron transitions at e V bias < E ex has not yet been clarified.

Besides HSCs, there also existed another kind of stem cells calle

Besides HSCs, there also existed another kind of stem cells called MSCs (Mesenchymal Stem Cells), they could differentiated into stroma cells and acted as the “”niche”" in the micro-environment[24]. MSCs also had the immunological regulation ability and were believed to be the “”immune protection site”" in the cells environment. So, we believed that MSCs might play GS-4997 order important role in the pathogenesis of CML,

but there was no article examined the immunological function of MSCs. Previous studies[19, 21] from our laboratory have identified Flk1+ (fetal liver kinase-1 positive) CD31-CD34- cells carrying the BCR/ABL fusion gene from the bone marrow of Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) patients with CML and found that these cells could differentiate into malignant blood cells and phenotypically defined endothelial cells at the single-cell level, suggesting these cells have

the properties of hemangioblasts. The main purpose Nocodazole concentration of our article was to examine the immune characteristics of Flk1+CD31-CD34- MSC in CML and analyse if there existed abnormalities comparing with the healthy donors. Patients, materials, and methods Patient samples 20 patients with newly diagnosed CML (12 male and 8 female, aged 17-63 years) were recruited in this study(table 1). All were Ph+ patients with CML in chronic phase as revealed by bone marrow histology and cytogenetic analysis. The immunophenotypes of thawed cells were quite variable. None was treated with hydroxyurea or interferon before. The control samples were from 20 healthy donors (12 male and 8 female, aged 21-60 years). Bone marrow samples were collected after obtaining informed consent according to procedures approved by the Ethics Committee at the 309th Hospital of Peoples Liberation Army. Table 1 The general conditions of the patients Patient Age Sex Diagonosis Diagnosis time Ph chromosome Immunosuppressive therapy 1 84 F CML Aug-04 positive

yes 2 54 M CML Jun-87 positive yes 3 56 M CML May-99 positive yes 4 49 M CML Feb-87 positive yes 5 66 M CML Aug-04 positive yes Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 6 40 F CML Feb-05 positive No 7 50 F CML Sep-04 positive No 8 76 F CML Aug-04 positive No 9 64 F CML Dec-05 positive No 10 55 M CML Apr-00 positive yes 11 49 M CML Feb-05 positive No 12 51 M CML Jun-01 positive yes 13 40 F CML Dec-05 positive No 14 43 F CML Dec-05 positive No 15 60 M CML Nov-05 positive No M: male; F:female; Cell preparations and culture Isolation and culture of bone marrow-derived CML hemangioblasts were performed as described previously with some modifications[19, 21]. Briefly, mononuclear cells were MI-503 clinical trial separated by a Ficoll-Paque gradient centrifugation (specific gravity 1.077 g/mL; Nycomed Pharma AS, Oslo, Norway) and the sorted cells were plated at concentration of 1 cell/well by limiting dilution in a total of 96 × 10 wells coated with fibronectin (Sigma, St Louis, MO) and collagen (Sigma) for each patient.

mallei There is a need for an extensive evaluation of susceptibi

mallei. There is a need for an extensive evaluation of susceptibility of antibiotics to these pathogens beyond in vitro studies. Animal models to study equine glanders have been established [18] while there is a general lack of infection models that mimic human infection. Among rodents, guinea pigs and hamsters are most susceptible to glanders [19]. Mice, on the other hand, have similar resistance to glanders infections as humans, which makes this model more SP600125 suitable to study therapies for B. mallei.

Only intraperitoneal pathogenesis of glanders has been well described in the mouse model [20] with more recent studies of the bacterium administered via the aerosol or intranasal routes [21]. Here, we evaluated the susceptibilities in vitro of GW-572016 cost B. mallei to ceftazidime and levofloxacin, and their efficacy in vivo using intranasal infection in BALB/c mice, as inhalation would be the most likely route of infection in the event of bioterrorism threat. In previous in vitro studies, ceftazidime proved to be effective against B. mallei among others including imipenem, doxycycline, piperacillin, ciprofloxacin

[8, 9]. Levofloxacin demonstrates relatively high levels of activity against B. mallei but not B. pseudomallei GSK126 nmr [22]. Levofloxacin is known to achieve higher intracellular concentration and is recommended for intracellular infections [23]. Our results indicate that B. mallei strain ATCC 23344 is susceptible to a concentration as low as 2.5 μg/ml of levofloxacin and 5 μg/ml of ceftazidime. These results confirmed prior studies evaluating susceptibility of 15 isolates of B. mallei

to 35 antimicrobial agents [15]. In this study, ceftazidime and levofloxacin appeared in the group of most effective drugs tested in this panel against B. mallei. However, the high percentage of resistant strains of B. pseudomallei to levofloxacin and the emergence of ceftazidime-resistant clinical isolates of Cobimetinib molecular weight B. pseudomallei would affect the recommendations of these drugs as useful treatment for both glanders and melioidosis, underlining the need for supplementary monitoring of the effectiveness of the recommended antimicrobials. The effectiveness of levofloxacin and ceftazidime in vitro were substantiated in our in vivo experiments with all treated mice surviving at least 34 days post infection. The intranasal infection of mice with 5 × 105 CFUs of B. mallei resulted in 90% death in untreated control mice. Treatment with antibiotics used in this study prevented the development of an acute lethal form of disease but lacked the ability to provide complete clearance of the bacterial infection. By 34 days post-infection, bacteria were largely cleared from the lungs with no significant differences between treatments. Interestingly, in our intranasal infection model, the spleen appears to be the major target tissue for glanders infection and a site of multifocal abscesses.

CrossRef 24 Fukidome H, Matsumura M, Komeda T, Namba K, Nishioka

CrossRef 24. Fukidome H, Matsumura M, Komeda T, Namba K, Nishioka Y: https://www.selleckchem.com/products/torin-2.html In situ atomic force microscopy observation of dissolution process of Si(111) in oxygen-free water at room temperature. Electrochem Solid State Lett 1999, 2:393–394.CrossRef 25. Tokuda N, Nishizawa M, Miki K, Yamasaki S, Hasunuma R, Yamabe K: Selective growth

of monoatomic Cu rows at step edges on Si(111) substrates in ultralow-dissolved-oxygen water. Jpn J Appl Phys Part 2-Letters & Express Letters 2005, 44:L613-L615.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions TK carried out the nanoscale patterning experiments using the AFM setup. AM investigated the etching property of the Ge surface by metallic particles by SEM. KD and KN participated in the sample preparations. KK and JU analyzed the data, and MM revealed the nanoscale mechanism of metal-assisted chemical selleck products etching. KA gave the final approval of the version of the manuscript to be published. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background CD44 is a cell-surface glycoprotein antigen of breast cancer cells that is well known for its specific binding with hyaluronic acid (HA) [1–3]. It is the multifunctional cell-surface molecule involved in pathologic properties of cancer cells such as cell proliferation,

differentiation, migration, angiogenesis, and chemokines [4–6]. Therefore, detecting CD44 is vital for accurate diagnosis as well as identifying effective anticancer drugs. Especially, when HA binds with CD44, this binding-mediated signals trigger cytological activities such as structural changes in the membrane and tumor cell migration [7–10]. Hence, HA has been frequently utilized as a targeting moiety to detect CD44 in the diagnosis and treatment of specific cancers directly selleck inhibitor associated with CD44 [11–14]. For sensitive and specific detection of cancer

via the CD44 receptor, molecular imaging has been strongly considered due to the accurate acquisition of highly sensitive images and deeper insight into in vivo conditions [15–17]. Of the various molecular imaging techniques, old magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been widely recommended because it is non-invasive and provides high-resolution and tomographic real-time images at the cellular and molecular levels [18–20]. Therefore, CD44-targeted MR imaging has been applied in the treatment of cancer such as monitoring therapeutic efficacy and determining the progonosis of cancer. To facilitate better interpretation of the MR images, recently developed MnFe2O4 nanocrystals (MNCs), synthesized by the thermal decomposition method in the organic phase, are well suited because of their fine crystalline structure and high magnetic sensitivity with an excellent size and composition control [21, 22].

Colour development was monitored at 450 nm in a multiwell plate r

Colour development was monitored at 450 nm in a multiwell plate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shangai). Caspase-3 activity evaluation Caspase-3 activity was determined in leukemia cells using a colorimetric kit from Biovision (Milpitas, CA, USA) in accordance with the manufacturer’s

instructions. The assay is based on the spectrophotometric detection at 405 nm of the chromophore p-nitroaniline (pNA) after cleavage from the labeled substrate DEVD-pNA by caspase-3. Protein concentration in the cytosolic extracts was measured using the Bradford method [24]. DNA fragmentation analysis The genomic DNA fragmentation was evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA isolates obtained by the salting-out method [25]. For this purpose, leukemia cells were grown in the presence or absence of CF 5 μl/ml up to 72 h; a positive control (cells treated for 6 h with 25 μM etoposide) was also included. After counting find more and washing, cells were subjected to DNA extraction. The DNA samples were carefully resuspended in TE buffer; the nucleic acid concentration and purity were measured using a NanoDrop® ND-1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo-Scientific,

Wilminton, DE, USA). 2 μg of each sample was loaded onto 1.5% TAE agarose gel; DNA laddering was visualized on a UV transilluminator by ethidium bromide staining. Images were obtained using a Gel Doc 2000 (Bio-Rad Laboratories S.r.l, Segrate, MI, Italy). HIF-1α measurement HIF-1α quantification was performed in leukemia cells using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit from Abcam (Cambridge, UK), in accordance with the manufacturer’s click here instructions. Colour development was evaluated at 450 nm in a multiwell plate reader (Thermo

Fisher Scientific, why Shangai). Protein concentration in cell extracts was measured using the Bradford method [24]. Western blot assay of Navitoclax datasheet GLUT-1 Leukemia cells were grown in presence or absence of CF 5 μl/ml up to 72 h. After counting and washing, cells were resuspended in 1X SDS loading buffer to 20×106 cells/ml. Cell lysis was achieved by vortex, and the viscosity was reduced by passing through a syringe needle. 15 μl of each samples were run on 0.8% SDS-polyacrylamide gel and the resolved proteins were electrophoretically transferred to supported nitrocellulose membranes (Bio-Rad Laboratories S.r.l, Segrate, MI, Italy) using a Bio-Rad Semidry Transfer system. Non-specific binding to membranes was blocked by incubation in blocking solution (50 mM Tris–HCl, 150 mM NaCl and 5% (w/v) non-fat dried milk, pH 7.5). After blocking solution removal, membranes were incubated in a new blocking solution with a rabbit polyclonal GLUT-1 antibody (PA1-46152, Thermo Scientific) at 4°C overnight. Membranes were then washed three times with TTBS (50 mM Tris–HCl, 150 mM NaCl and 0.05% (v/v) Tween 20, pH 7.

Methods The multiwalled CNTs were grown at 700°C via a thermal ch

Methods The multiwalled CNTs were grown at 700°C via a thermal chemical vapor deposition system under the acetylene, nitrogen, and hydrogen ambience. The as-grown CNTs were scraped off from the substrate, and then the derived 0.03-g CNTs were suspended in a mixture of concentrated H2SO4 (95%), HNO3 (70%), and deionized water for 15 min at 140°C to enhance the solubility of CNTs in the following solvents. The filtered CNTs were rinsed by deionized water to remove the acidic residues. Afterwards, these acid-treated CNTs were dissolved in a mixture of ethanol and ethylene Pexidartinib mouse glycol and then ultrasonicated in ice bath for 3 h. After centrifugalizing,

a homogeneous CNT solution with an approximate 0.5-mg/ml concentration of CNTs was sprayed onto glass substrates (Eagle 2000, Corning Display Technologies Taiwan Co., Ltd, Taipei, Taiwan) at 200°C to form the CNTFs. The thickness of CNTF could be adjusted by varying the spray times, and therefore, the 110-nm-thick and 230-nm-thick CNTFs on the glass substrates were obtained, respectively. Subsequently, two glass substrates, one was deposited with CNTF and the other was a bare glass substrate, were face-to-face compressed with a force of 100 N. The thermal

compression temperature was varied from room temperature to 400°C, and the compression duration changed from 0 to 50 min. Results and discussion The field emission scanning electron Selleckchem PLX4032 microscopy (FE-SEM) images of the morphological variations Tozasertib chemical structure for the as-sprayed CNTF and thermally compressed ones are shown in Figure 1. The CNTs in the as-sprayed CNTF can be recognized individually and distributed arbitrarily with the wire shape, as exhibited in Figure 1a.

After the thermal compression with the compression force of 100 N at 200°C for 50 min, the neighbor CNTs seem to be intertwined with each other and each CNT is hard to be distinguished, as shown in Figure 1b. Once the compression temperature Dichloromethane dehalogenase reaches to 400°C, the wire-shaped CNTs no longer exist and the CNTs merge into a continuous film, as shown in Figure 1c. Moreover, from the color contrast in Figure 1c, the surface of CNTF compressed at 400°C becomes much smoother than others. To further realize the effect of the thermal compression on the structure of CNT, the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is executed to analyze the as-sprayed CNTs and thermally compressed ones. For the as-sprayed CNTs shown in Figure 2a, two stacked CNTs are exhibited with the regular and coaxial multiwalled structures, as indicated by the dashed lines. Furthermore, it is easy to distinguish each wall structure even though one CNT stacks on the other.

Breast Cancer Res Treat 1998, 49:261–270 PubMedCrossRef 25 Leitz

Breast Cancer Res Treat 1998, 49:261–270.PubMedCrossRef 25. Leitzel K, Teramoto Y, Sampson E,

Mauceri J, Langton BC, Androgen Receptor inhibitor Demers L, Podczaski E, Harvey H, Shambaugh Selleckchem NCT-501 S, Volas G, et al.: Elevated soluble c- erbB-2 antigen levels in the serum and effusions of a proportion of breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 1992, 10:1436–1443.PubMed 26. Leary AF, Hanna WM, Vijver MJ, Penault-Llorca F, Ruschoff J, Osamura RY, Bilous M, Dowsett M: Value and limitations of measuring HER-2 extracellular domain in the serum of breast cancer patients. J C lin Oncol 2009, 27:1694–1705. 27. Werkmeister R, Brandt B, Joos U: Clinical relevance of erbB-1 and -2 oncogenes in oral carcinomas. Oral Oncol 2000, 36:100–105.PubMedCrossRef 28. Partanen R, Hemminki K, Koskinen H, Luo JC, Carney WP, Brandt-Rauf PW: The detection of increased amounts of the extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor in serum during carcinogenesis in asbestosis patients. J Occup Med

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epidermal growth factor in saliva. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1993, 500:126–130.PubMedCrossRef 34. Normanno N, De Luca A, Bianco C, Strizzi L, Mancino M, Maiello MR, Carotenuto A, De Feo G, Caponigro F, Salomon DS: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in cancer. Gene 2006, 366:2–16.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions VFB carried out the literature research, data acquisition, experimental work and the preparation of the manuscript. FOGN and SFS participated of the sample collection and of the experiments. TAS contributed to statistical and data analysis, besides manuscript editing and review. MCFA carried out the conception and the design of the study, manuscript editing and review and is the guarantor of the integrity of the research. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Introduction Heterogeneity of breast cancer at the molecular level was supported by data from cDNA microarrays [1, 2].

syringae, possesses various characteristics that classify them as

syringae, possesses various characteristics that classify them as intermediates between the T3SS subgroups I and III. On one hand, Ralimetinib in vitro subgroup II clusters share the sctO, sctD and sctC2 genes with subgroup I clusters and but not with subgroup III; on the other hand, some subgroup II clusters posses putative translocator genes present in subgroup III, but absent from subgroup I. The T3SS-2 clusters of the P. syringae strains are essentially syntenic,

with the exceptions of an IS element (insertion sequence element) being present between the Hrc II N and Hrp II O coding frames in the P. syringae pv phaseolicola 1448a cluster and the absence of a TPR (tetratricopeptide repeats) protein coding frame in the P. syringae pv oryzae str.1_6 cluster. selleck chemicals Selleck PLX3397 The Rhizobium sp. NGR234 pNGR234b-plasmid borne cluster has two extended regions of synteny with those of the P. syringae strains.

One is the region from hrc II C 1 to hrc II T, [not including the IS element in the P. syringae pv phaseolicola 1448a cluster (see above)]. The other is the region from hrp II Q to PSPPH_2522 which, however, is inverted in the Rhizobium sp. NGR234 pNGR234b T3SS cluster relative to those in the pseudomonads. The coding frame for the RhcU/HrcU/YscU/FhlB homolog in the NGR234 cluster is transposed in relation to the Pseudomonas cluster (position which is maintained in the R.etli

and B. japonicum clusters). In subgroup II of Rhc-T3SS gene clusters an hrc II C2 gene can be identified in synteny to the subgroup I cluster. Oxymatrine A common property of subgroups II and III of Rhc-T3SS gene clusters is the presence of hrpK-like genes. Common to all Rhc-T3SS subgroups is the absence of a hrpP/yscP –like gene which usually resides between the hrpO/yscO-like gene and the hrcQ/yscQ homolog gene. A hrpO/yscO-like gene is absent from the subgroup III cluster. Subgroup I and III clusters maintain synteny with the P. syringae T3SS-2 clusters for most of the core T3SS ORFs. Finally, a gene coding for a HrpW homolog is found only in the R. etli clusters. Non-conserved T3SS proteins The translocator of the P. syringae T3SS-2 A common feature of the R. etli Rhc T3SS (subgroup III) and the T3SS-2 of P. syringae pathovars (but not of the Rhizobium sp. NGR234 T3SS-2) is the presence of an ORF coding for a hypothetical translocator protein: The PSPPH_2540 locus of the P. syringae pv phaseolicola 1448a T3SS-2 codes for a large protein of 1106 residues. The C-terminal part of this protein (residues 421 – 1106) is homologous to the HrpK proteins of the Hrc-Hrp1 T3SS family based on Psi-BLAST searches (25% identity with HrpK of Erwinia amylovora). HrpK shares low similarity with the putative translocator, HrpF, from Xantomonas campestris pv vesicatoria.

Gene 1991, 100:189–194 PubMedCrossRef 35 Bradford MM: Rapid and

Gene 1991, 100:189–194.PubMedCrossRef 35. Bradford MM: Rapid and sensitive method JQEZ5 for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the

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