Figure 2 FESEM images of the CeO 2 SCS nanopowders

at × 4

Figure 2 FESEM images of the CeO 2 SCS nanopowders

at × 40,000 (a) × 10,000 (b) level of magnifications. Finally, Figure  3 illustrates some details of a variety of self-assembled stars. The images show three micrometric star assemblies with different sizes and shapes, thus proving that the residence time in the reactor affects their final size (Figure  3a, 12 h; b, 24 h). This design offers a controlled and repeatable morphology, with a tridimensional shape constituted by individual Quizartinib purchase rods (the fundamental elements that self-assemble into a star), which offer a concave space for soot intrusion. Soot-catalyst contact in loose conditions, before the TPC experiments, was observed by means of FESEM, and is depicted in Figure  4: it is possible to see that an effective soot penetration occurs, more so than would happen with a flat or convex morphology. This behaviour is desirable in the perspective of depositing such SA stars on the surface of the DPF channels as a carrier for noble metals or other active species: BAY 73-4506 hence, an effective penetration of the soot cake through a relevant portion of the catalytic layer would increase the number of contact points between

the soot particles and the catalyst itself, thus promoting catalyst activity. This would overcome the limitation of the catalytic layer obtained with in situ SCS [17], on the top of which the soot cake grows during soot filtration in the DPF: this generates a soot oxidation mechanism that only involves the interface between the catalyst layer and the soot cake. Figure 3 FESEM images of the CeO 2 SA-stars at 12 h (a) and 24 h (b) different residence times. 4��8C Figure 4 FESEM images representing a loose contact mixture of CeO 2 SA-stars and soot at × 40,000 (a) × 150,000 (b) level of magnifications. CeO2 has a fluorite cubic cell structure. It

has been proved that hydrothermal treatments can expose unstable planes and turn the cube into an octahedron [12], whose tendency can be inferred from Figure  5. HRTEM investigations are needed to understand whether the obtained SA stars preferentially expose the most active ceria plains to soot oxidation, namely 310, 100 and 110 even completely different structures [12, 18]. These surfaces may be stabilized by defects (such as oxygen vacancy) or by adsorbed charge compensating species, and oxygen vacancies entail more oxygen mobility and availability for soot oxidation [19]. Figure 5 FESEM images of CeO 2 rods at × 38,000 (a) × 14,000 (b) level of magnifications. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that all the catalysts belonged to the particular fluorite structure of CeO2 (Fm-3 m). From the comparison of the XRD spectra of the SCS ceria, fibers and SA stars, it is possible to appreciate a wider peak broadening in the star curves (Figure  6): according to the Debye-Scherrer theory, this entails finer crystallites for the SA stars.

Other authors have no competing interests Authors’ contributions

Other authors have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions SLP, GYM, PS, AG, MG, JFL and LM developed the study protocol. AG was the principle investigator and LM was the project leader of this study. AG, LF, LV and LM were in charge of the recruitment of the subjects. LV was in charge of data collection and management. JBM, MG, AG, GYM and LF participated in data collection. GYM was responsible for the central and peripheral fatigue measurements. Moreover, he also carried out the statistical analysis of theses specific variables. For other measures of fatigue, SLP was responsible for the statistical analysis. All authors https://www.selleckchem.com/products/emd-1214063.html have read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Introduction Carbohydrate availability

is one of the crucial factors for performance in endurance [1] and high-intensity intermittent exercise [2]. It has been well-documented that carbohydrate supplementation before a single-bout of endurance [3] and

high-intensity intermittent exercise [4] could improve the performance. In real circumstances, many athletes undergo more than 1 training session per day. In addition, many competitions require athletes to participate Epacadostat in vitro in multiple events in a single day. Therefore, adequate nutritional strategies during the short-term post-exercise recovery period may be critical for the performance in subsequent exercise. Several studies have shown that ingestion of protein with carbohydrate after exercise increases muscle glycogen resynthesis rate, compared to the same amount of carbohydrate [5, 6]. The increased muscle glycogen recovery may lead to the improved performance during subsequent endurance exercise [7]. Muscle glycogen resynthesis after exercise consists of two phases. The initial insulin-independent phase that lasts approximately 1 hour has a higher resynthesis rate. It is followed by an insulin-dependent phase with a lower rate that lasts several hours [8]. Previous studies have suggested that branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and arginine may help improve both phases. Studies in rats have shown that BCAA could stimulate insulin-independent

glucose uptake in skeletal muscle by increasing the translocation of glucose transporter (GLUT)-4 C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR-7) and GLUT-1 to the sarcolemma [9]. Leucine also activated glycogen synthetase via activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signals in isolated muscles [10]. Isoleucine increased insulin-independent glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in C2C12 myotubes [11]. In addition, nitric oxide (NO), a product of arginine, could increase the insulin-independent expression and translocation of GLUT-4 in rat skeletal muscles [12]. The vasodilation effect of arginine could increase blood flow and substrate delivery to the muscle and further increase glycogen recovery [13]. BCAA and arginine may also facilitate the insulin-dependent phase by inducing insulin secretion [14, 15].

A skin incision was made, the scalp was reflected and a burr hole

A skin incision was made, the scalp was reflected and a burr hole was drilled 3.5 mm to the right of the bregma. A 4 μL suspension of 1000 F98 glioma cells in serum-free DMEM was injected stereotactically into the right caudate nucleus of syngeneic Fischer rats using a syringe pump (KDS310; Geneq, Inc., Montréal, Quebec, Canada). The cells were injected over 8 min via a 26 gauge needle, which was inserted to a depth of 7 mm from the skull surface

and then withdrawing it to the target depth of 6.5 mm. After tumor cell implantation, the needle was left in place for 2 min and then slowly withdrawn. The burr hole in the calvarium was sealed with bone wax, and the operative field was cleansed with povidone iodine before closure of the scalp incision by sutures. Intracerebral delivery of carboplatin and experimental R788 solubility dmso plan Carboplatin (M.W = 371.25 Da, Faulding Pharmaceuticals, Asnières, France) was diluted in 5% dextrose to obtain a final concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. ALZET osmotic pumps (model #2001, Charles

Rivers Laboratories, L’Abresles, France) and brain infusion kits (Bilaney, Dusseldorf, Germany) were assembled and filled with carboplatin. The pumps were stored in the dark in a sterile solution of 0.9% saline at 37°C for 24 h prior to their use. Seven days after tumor cell implantation the animals were anesthetized and the scalp incision was re-opened. The bone wax was removed with a needle, and the infusion Selleckchem GSK-3 inhibitor cannula was introduced to a depth of 6.5 mm through the hole made at the time of tumor cell implantation. The brain infusion kit was fixed in place with surgical glue, and the pump was implanted in a subcutaneous pocket in the midscapular region, with a sufficient amount of catheter tubing to permit free motion of the animal’s head and neck. The pumps were left in place from days 7 to 13, during which time the animals received an infusion of 144 μL of carboplatin (72 μg, 194 nmol), delivered at a flow rate of 1 μL/h over 6 days, after which the pumps were removed. The rats, were stratified into four groups and treated as follows:

Group 1, Untreated controls; Group 2, Received a 6 days infusion of carboplatin (72 μg/144 μL) beginning on day 7 following tumor implantation; Group 3, Received a single 15 Gy dose of 6 MV X-rays on day 14; Group 4, Received a 6 days infusion Ureohydrolase of carboplatin, beginning on day 7 following tumor implantation in combination with a single 15 Gy dose of 6 MV X-rays administered on day 14. We have compared the survival times of these animals with the experimental groups irradiated with synchrotron X-rays tuned at 78.8 keV, as reported in detail in our previous report [12]. Irradiation with 6 MV photons Irradiations were performed at the University Hospital of Grenoble using a 6 MV LINAC (SLi, Elekta Oncology Systems, Ltd., West Sussex, UK). Rats were placed in a polystyrene box and were irradiated, two at a time.

8% at 2-mm below the skin surface Discussion Bolus thickness req

8% at 2-mm below the skin surface. Discussion Bolus thickness required to enhance surface dose is optimized according to surface and build-up region dosimetry. In the present study, a 1-cm bolus was used to increase skin doses. This thickness was chosen because 6-MV photon energy with a 1.5-cm maximal depth was used for tangential

fields. The skin dose contributions of 1-cm bolus material during whole or a part of treatment duration were calculated in this study. The results showed a trend of increasing minimum skin dose when the days of bolus application were increased. The minimum skin dose increments were expected to be linear among the Venetoclax in vitro bolus durations. However, the minimum skin dose increments between 20 and 25 (1.6% ± 1.0%), and 15 and 20 (4.0% ± 1.0%) days of bolus applications were significantly lower than the dose increments between 0 and 5 (5.2% ± 0.6%), 5 and 10 (5.1% ± 0.8%), and 10 and 15 (4.9% ± 0.8%) days of bolus applications while the maximum skin dose increments were significantly higher. TPS dose calculation algorithm and treatment related factors such as delivery technique, field size and angle of beam incidence are supposed to be associated with MLN0128 these non-linear dose increments. Therefore,

our results need to be clarified in further dosimetric studies using different TPS, techniques, beam energies, and bolus thicknesses. Determining the necessary frequency of bolus treatments is critically important in post-mastectomy radiotherapy, Farnesyltransferase since it influences the irradiated volume as well as the skin doses. Although the literature contains several recommendations for radiotherapy planning techniques, there are few recommendations regarding

bolus use [4, 5, 9–11]. The optimal duration and the optimal thickness of the bolus material still remain uncertain and change centre to centre [7, 12]. Wide regional variations in the use of boluses were reported by Vu et al. in an international survey of radiation oncologists and their opinions on the indications for boluses in post-mastectomy radiotherapy [12]. Determining the difference between the calculated and measured surface dose is useful when evaluating and comparing patient plans and also when optimizing the use of boluses. Many factors affect the magnitude of the surface dose, such as the delivery technique, field size, angle of beam incidence, air gap and the use of bolus material and beam modifiers [13–15]. Calculation of skin doses is difficult in most TPSs due to their inability to account for all the factors that contribute to the surface dose. However, the Monte Carlo TPSs and, to a lesser extent, the modern true 3D algorithms are able to calculate skin doses [16–18]. Doses calculated with different TPSs have been reported to underestimate and overestimate measured skin doses [15, 19–23]. Measured skin doses also may differ according to the dosimetry used [13].

The authors also acknowledge MSc Ville-Markus Korpijärvi, DSc Juh

The authors also acknowledge MSc Ville-Markus Korpijärvi, DSc Juha Tommila, Wenxin Zhang, BSc Joel Salmi and BSc Pekka Malinen for their technical support. References 1. Green MA, Emery K, Hishikawa Y, Warta W, Dunlop ED: Solar cell efficiency tables (version 41). Prog Photovolt Res Appl 2013,21(1):1–11.CrossRef 2. CPV World Record by AZUR SPACE LY294002 mw Solar Power: 43.3 Percent Efficiency. http://​www.​azurspace.​com/​images/​pdfs/​pi-2012-AzurSpace-Rekord_​EN.​pdf 3. Bett AW, Dimroth F, Guter W, Hoheisel R, Oliva E, Phillips SP, Schöne J, Siefer G,

Steiner M, Wekkeli A, Welser E, Meusel M, Köstler W, Strobl G: Highest efficiency multi-junction solar cell for terrestrial and space applications. In 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition. NVP-AUY922 clinical trial Hamburg; 2009:1–6. 4. King RR, Bhusari D, Boca A, Larrabee D, Liu XQ, Hong W, Fetzer CM, Law DC, Karam NH: Band gap-voltage offset and energy production in next-generation Multijucntion Solar Cells. Prog Photovol: Res Appl 2011, 19:797–812. doi:10.1002/pip.1044CrossRef 5. King RR, Sherif RA, Kinsey GS, Kurtz S, Fetzer CM, Edmondson KM, Law DC, Cotal HL, Krut DD, Karam NH: Bandgap engineering in high-efficiency multijunction concentrator cells. In International Conference on Solar Concentrators for the Generation of Electricity or Hydrogen May 1–5, 2005. Scottsdale, Arizona;

2005. NREL/CD-520–38172 6. Jackrell DB, Bank SR, Yuen HB, Wistey MA, Harris JS Jr: Dilute nitride GaInNAs and GaInNAsSb solar cells by molecular beam epitaxy. J Appl Phys 2007, 101:114916.CrossRef 7. Khan A, Kurtz SR, Prasad S, Johnson SW, Gou J: Correlation of nitrogen related Edoxaban traps in InGaAsN with solar cell properties. Appl Phys Lett 2007, 90:243509.CrossRef 8. Aho A, Tukiainen A, Polojärvi V, Salmi J, Guina M: High current generation in dilute nitride solar cells grown by molecular beam epitaxy. In Proceedings of the SPIE 2013 volume 8620. San Francisco; 2013. doi:10.1117/12.2002972 9. Aho A, Tukiainen A, Korpijärvi VM, Polojärvi V, Salmi J, Guina M: Comparison of GaInNAs and GaInNAsSb solar cells grown by

plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. In AIP Conference Proceedings. Toledo; 2012:49–52. Volume 1477. http://​dx.​doi.​org/​10.​1063/​1.​4753831 10. Aho A, Tukiainen A, Polojärvi V, Salmi J, Guina M: MBE growth of high current dilute III-V-N single and triple junction solar cells. In EU Pvsec 2012 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition. Frankfurt; 2012:290–292. doi:10.4229/27thEUPVSEC2012–1BV.7.13 11. Tommila J, Aho A, Tukiainen A, Polojärvi V, Salmi J, Niemi T, Guina M: Moth-eye antireflection coating fabricated by nanoimprint lithography on 1 eV dilute nitride solar cell. Prog Photovolt Res Appl 2013, 21:1158–1162. doi:10.1002/pip.2191 12. Friedman DJ, Kurtz SR: Breakeven criteria for the GaInNAs junction in GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs/Ge four-junction solar cells. Prog Photovolt Res Appl 2002, 10:331–344. doi:10.1002/pip.430CrossRef 13.

The pellets were sintered in a special regime with maximal temper

The pellets were sintered in a special regime with maximal temperature T s = 1,300°C for 5 h. Temperature-sensitive Cu0.1Ni0.1Co1.6Mn1.2O4/Cu0.1Ni0.8Co0.2Mn1.9O4-based pastes were prepared by mixing powders of basic ceramics (72.8% of sintered bulk ceramics were preliminarily destroyed, wet-milled, and dried) with ecological glass powders (2.9%) without PbO, inorganic binder Bi2O3 (2.9%), and organic vehicle (21.4%). The next content was used for the preparation of humidity-sensitive thick-film pastes: MgAl2O4-based ceramics (58%), Bi2O3 (4%), ecological glass (8%), and organic vehicle (30%). The pastes were printed on alumina substrates (Rubalit 708S, CeramTec, Plochingen,

Germany) using a manual screen printing device equipped with Ganetespib purchase a steel screen. Then, thick films were sintered in PEO-601-084 furnace at 850°C [20, 23]. The insulating (i-type) paste in two layers was printed on temperature-sensitive Dasatinib datasheet (p-type) thick-film layer previously formed on alumina substrate. In contrast to previous works [21, 23], the p+-conductive paste was formed on humidity-sensitive i-type layer as conductive layer. Then, these structures were sintered in the furnace. The topological scheme of integrated

p-i-p+ thick-film structure is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Topological scheme of integrated thick-film p-i-p + structure. The microstructure of the sintered temperature-sensitive ceramics was probed using an electron microscope JSM-6700 F (JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo, Japan), cross-sectional morphology of the samples being tested near the surface (0- to 70-μm depth) and chip centers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations for bulk humidity-sensitive ceramics and thick-film structures were performed using

LEO 982 field emission microscope (Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany). The pore size distribution of bulk semiconductor and dielectric ceramics in the region from 2 to 1,000 nm was studied using Hg-porosimetry (POROSIMETR Casein kinase 1 4000, CARLO ERBA STRUMENTAZIONE, Hofheim am Taunus, Germany). The electrical resistance of thermistor thick films was measured using temperature chambers MINI SUBZERO, Tabai ESPEC Corp., Japan, model MC-71 and HPS 222. The humidity sensitivity of thick-film structures was determined by measuring the dependence of electrical resistance R on relative humidity (RH) of the environment. The electrical resistance was measured in the heat and humidity chamber PR-3E (Tabai, Osaka, Japan) at 20°C in the region of RH = 20% to 99%. The electrodes were attached to connecting cables of M-ohmmeter at fixed current frequency of 500 Hz (with the aim of avoidance of polarization of adsorbed water molecules). In addition, the degradation transformation at 40°С and RH = 95% for 240 h was carried out in order to study sample stability in time. The maximal overall uncertainties in the electrical measurements did not exceed approximately ± (0.02 to 0.

1% of the microbiome) One phylotype

(OTU ID 774, Pasteur

1% of the microbiome). One phylotype

(OTU ID 774, Pasteurellaceae) contributed to 2.2% of this microbiome and was preferentially found around the molar tooth (buccal, lingual and approximal surfaces of tooth 16) and in the sample obtained at the hard palate. The OTUs representing different phyla were not equally shared among the individuals (Table 2). The lowest similarity was observed in Spirochaetes (25% common OTUs), followed by Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria (33%), Proteobacteria (42%), Actinobacteria (48%), candidate division TM7 (50%), Firmicutes (57%), while the highest similarity was found in Fusobacteria (62%). The low similarity among the OTUs of Spirochaetes among the three microbiomes could be due to low abundance of this phylum in the different click here samples. Since a high prevalence of Spirochaetes in dental plaque is associated with periodontal disease [17], it would be interesting to assess the degree of similarity and diversity of these phylotypes in a group of periodontitis Pifithrin-�� patients. Higher taxa At the higher taxonomic levels, 72% of all taxa (genus level or above) were

shared by the three microbiomes, contributing to 99.8% of all reads. Only 2-11% of higher taxa were individual-specific (Figure 3C, Additional file 4). However, these taxa were found at a very low abundance (5-49 reads) and most likely were not a part of the commensal oral flora, and should be regarded as “”transients”". The observed overlap in taxa and in phylotypes is unexpectedly high and considerably higher than the recently reported average of 13% similarity in phylotypes between any two hands from unrelated individuals [12]. Of even greater contrast to our findings are the comparisons of gut microbiomes which show no overlap in microbiota 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase in unrelated individuals [1]. Instead of a core microbiome at an organismal lineage level, gut microbiomes

harboured distinct core genes [1]. The most probable explanation in the observed exclusiveness of gut microbiomes is the close interplay of intestinal microbiota with the host. In the abovementioned study on hand surface microbiomes, only five phylotypes were shared across the 102 hands sampled [12]. Human palms are continuously exposed to diverse biological and abiotic surfaces that may function as a microbial source, and furthermore, hands are regularly washed, allowing new communities of different origins to establish. This may explain the high diversity and relatively low overlap in hand palm communities. The situation is cardinally different in the oral cavity. Even though dental hygiene procedures (toothbrushing, flossing) effectively removes dental plaque, newly cleaned surfaces are continuously bathed in saliva.

Since its first clinical appearance in 1989 [1] it has been well<

Since its first clinical appearance in 1989 [1] it has been well

established in medicine as an important immunosuppressant drug. The primary clinical utility of tacrolimus is prevention of graft rejection following organ and reconstructive tissue transplants and also treatment of skin diseases and eczema [2, 3]. In recent clinical studies FK506-derived compounds have also shown promise for treatment H 89 cell line of neurological disorders [4, 5]. A common feature of FK506 (Figure 1A), and its biogenetically and structurally related complex polyketides such as FK520 and rapamycin, is the involvement of large multifunctional polyketide synthase (PKS) / non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) systems, comprising multi-fatty acid synthase-like domains arranged in sets of modules [6]. FK506 gene cluster from Streptomyces sp. MA6548 (ATCC53770) encoding the biosynthesis of this important learn more drug was partially sequenced by Merck Research Laboratories [7–10]. In recent years, two entire gene clusters from Streptomyces sp. KCTC 11604BP and Streptomyces kanamyceticus KCTC 9225 [11], and a partial sequence of the FK506 gene cluster from Streptomyces tsukubaensis NRRL 18488 [12] have been published, thus allowing for the first time a comparative analysis of gene clusters involved in the formation of FK506 by different Streptomyces strains. Figure 1 (A) Structures of FK506 and FK520. (B) Schematic representation

of the FK506 biosynthetic cluster. The genes located on the left and right side from the FK506 core PKS region are presented in more detail. Putative regulatory gene homologues allN, fkbN and fkbR are represented by white arrows. Promoters used in the rppA reporter studies, deleted regions and RT-PCR amplified regions are marked. Better understanding

of regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis could play a significant role in improvement of industrial strains, as has been exemplified in the past [13]. Regulation of secondary metabolism in actinomycetes is often diverse and complex and the production of medroxyprogesterone active natural products is linked to many environmental and physiological signals [14]. In addition to numerous pleiotropic regulatory genes present in genomes of secondary metabolite-producing actinomycete strains, most of gene clusters encoding secondary metabolite biosynthesis contain pathway-specific regulatory genes, such as the SARP (Streptomyces antibiotic regulatory protein) family regulators [15] or the LAL (large ATP-binding regulators of the LuxR family) family regulators [16, 17]. Like the SARP family, the LAL family gene-homologues with end-to-end similarity appear to be confined to the actinomycetes [18]. The production of many important polyketides or other secondary metabolites often remains relatively low and improving production titers of these low-yield compounds has been of great interest to the industry.

5-labeled probes specific for the gfp gene (yellow) A) Superposi

5-labeled probes specific for the gfp gene (yellow). A) Superposition of a CLSM image after staining with DAPI over the interferential contrast microscopy picture of a salivary gland lobe of an individual used as donor during co-feeding trials (bar = 50 µm).

B,C) CLSM images after hybridization with the Cy3-tagged probes targeting the whole Asaia population (B), or with the Cy5.5-marked probes specific for the Gfp strain (C). In D-G) an ovariole of a female mated with a male which was not previously fed with the Gfp-tagged Asaia is shown. D) Interferential contrast micrograph showing the ovariole (bar = 150 µm). E-G) CLSM images of FISH with the FITC-labeled Mdm2 antagonist eubacterial probe (E), the Cy3-tagged probes targeting the whole Asaia population (F), and the Cy5.5-marked probes specific for the gfp gene (G). While the occurrence of bacteria (and Asaia in particular) is shown, no hybridization signal was observed with the gfp gene-specific probes. Co-feeding experiments Donor individuals previously exposed to gfp Asaia were allowed to feed on artificial diets, and ‘recipient’ individuals then exposed to this diet. There was a high frequency Selleck Bortezomib of transfer of Asaia to both the food source and to S. titanus during feeding, as indicated in Figure 1A. The occurrence of gfp gene-positive signals in sugar diets previously exposed to donor insects confirms the earlier indications of a release of Asaia

by S. titanus during feeding events [4]. The proportion of diets that assayed positive for Asaia showed a trend characterized by a peak corresponding to 48 hours post exposure to the donor (16 out of 19 positive samples; while 7 out of 10 samples were positive after 24 hours), followed by a decrease starting PRKD3 from the 72 hours acquisition (10 out of 14 positive samples; 4 out of 10 after 96 hours). The average concentration of the marked strain, calculated by the number

of gfp gene copies per ng of DNA of the diet sample, increased up to 48 hours after the end of the inoculation (3 × 103 gfp gene copies / ng DNA) and then started decreasing reaching a value of 3.9 × 102 gfp gene copies / ng DNA after 96 hours acquisition (Table 1). The proportion of the Gfp strain within the total Asaia population followed a similar trend, increasing up to 30% at 72 hours, and decreasing after 96 hours (Figure 2A). This decline could be attributed to the occurrence of other bacteria that can compete with Asaia for the nutrient sources. Beside the highly frequent release of both Gfp- and wild type Asaia into the diet, other bacteria were inoculated into the feeding medium by S. titanus, as the GfpABR with ABR of 6% and 36% respectively (Table 2). Other bacteria associated with the leafhopper could also be transmitted during feeding events, including the phytoplasma and possibly the endosymbiont “Candidatus Cardinium hertigii”, observed to reside in S. titanus salivary glands [25].

Cell Death and Differentiation 1997, 4:671–683 CrossRefPubMed 31

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