circannual rhythms) The (neuro-) endocrine processes underlying

circannual rhythms). The (neuro-) endocrine processes underlying these life-cycle events are studied by physiologists and need to be linked to genes that Selleck NU7441 are explored

by molecular geneticists. In order to fully understand variation in phenology, we need to integrate these different perspectives, in particular by combining evolutionary and mechanistic approaches. We use avian research to characterize different perspectives and to highlight integration that has already been achieved. Building on this work, we outline a route towards uniting the different disciplines in a single framework, which may be used to better understand and, more importantly, to forecast climate change impacts on phenology.”
“In the promising field of regenerative medicine, human perinatal

stem cells are of great interest as potential stem cells with clinical applications. Perinatal stem cells could be isolated from normally discarded human placentae, which are an ideal cell source in terms of availability, the fewer number of ethical concerns, less DNA damage, and so on. Numerous studies have demonstrated that some of the placenta-derived VS-6063 cells possess stem cell characteristics like pluripotent differentiation ability, particularly in amniotic epithelial (AE) cells. Term human amniotic epithelium contains a relatively large number of stem cell marker-positive cells as an adult stem cell source. In this review, we introduce a model theory of why so many AE cells possess stem cell characteristics. We also describe previous work concerning the therapeutic applications and discuss the pluripotency CT99021 of the AE cells and potential pitfalls for amnion-derived stem cell research.”
“Background: The clinical features and electrophysiological characteristics of patients with focal left atrial tachycardias (LATs) are not well characterized. This study reports the experience of a single center in catheter mapping and radiofrequency ablation of focal LAT not associated with prior atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, including in cardiac sarcoidosis and transplant patients.

Methods: Patients with focal LAT without a history

of AF ablation were included in this retrospective analysis.

Results: A total of 24 focal LATs were documented in 20 patients. Two patients were subsequently diagnosed with cardiac sarcoidosis. Two patients were status post a thoracic transplant. The mean initial cycle length of the focal LATs was 347.4 +/- 96.2 ms (range 190-510 ms). Patients with a pulmonary vein (PV) ostium focus (n = 6) demonstrated a shorter cycle length than patients with other LA foci (259.2 +/- 56.4 ms vs 371.9 +/- 91.1 ms, P = 0.02), as well as a trend for a history of AF (67% vs 21%, P = NS). Catheter ablation was immediately successful for 19 of 22 focal LATs.

Conclusions: Focal LATs not associated with prior AF ablation can originate in a variety of LA locations and clinical settings.

Clinically, CRPS describes an array of painful conditions that ar

Clinically, CRPS describes an array of painful conditions that are characterized by a continuing (spontaneous and/or evoked) regional AZD7762 pain that is seemingly disproportionate in time or degree to the usual course of any known trauma or other lesion. The pain is regional and usually has a distal predominance of abnormal sensory, motor, sudomotor, vasomotor, and/or trophic findings.

Case report.

University Medical Center.

In this report, we described the case of a 68-year-old hemiplegic female affected by cerebrovascular accident that presented a clinical case of CRPS shoulder-hand syndrome (CRPS-SHS) at the right hand after a hemorrhagic

stroke.

This report evaluated the effects of biphosphonates and lymphatic drainage type Leduc in CRPS-SHS.

The pain level of the patients was measured with the visual analog scale. A scoring system for the clinical severity of CRPS-SHS, laboratory tests, and X-ray

films were also performed.

We reported in this patient a great improvement of pain and edema of the right hand, with a significant reduction of bone demineralization.

This combined treatment may be a viable alternative for this syndrome; however, further investigation is needed to determine its reproducibility in large case series.”
“Relying on the study of the electronic structure of [dimethylamino(chloro)methylideneamino] trichlorophosphonium hexachlorophosphate by means of P-31 NMR and quantum chemistry it was shown that in chloroform this substance existed as trichlorophosphazo

check details Selleckchem ERK inhibitor compound with a positive charge localized on the dialkylimino group.”
“Aims Serotonin affects micturition in the normal rat through actions not only on ascending and descending spinal pathways and supraspinal centers but also on the lumbosacral spinal cord level. The selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist, 8-OH-DPAT((R)-(+)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin), reversed detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) in the spinal cord injury (SCI) rat. Rats with experimental diabetes mellitus (DM) have been shown to have both bladder and urethral dysfunction during reflex voiding. We therefore examined the effects of 8-OH-DPAT on micturition in DM rats. Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. DM was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 65 mg/kg) and a cystometric study was performed 8 weeks post-injection. External urethral sphincter electromyography (EUS-EMG) was also measured. The 5-HT1A antagonist WAY-100635(N-tert-butyl-3( 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-piperazin-1-yl)-2-phenylpropanamide) was administered after each 8-OH-DPAT dose-response. Results: Compared to controls, DM rats had a higher bladder capacity, residual volume, and a lower voiding efficiency. In DM rats, 8-OH-DPAT (3-1,000 mg/kg, i. v.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of salbutamol

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of salbutamol on D-L,CO in subjects with and without airway obstruction and reversibility.

MethodsSixty subjects were investigated with 20 in each of the three groups: normal spirometry; irreversible obstruction; and reversible

obstruction. Baseline spirometry, plethysmographic lung volumes, D-L,CO, pulse rate and arterial blood gases were measured. The same testing sequence was repeated after administration of a placebo inhaler and again after 400g salbutamol.

ResultsSalbutamol did not affect the mean alveolar volume (V-A) (P>0.05), transfer coefficient for carbon monoxide (D-L,CO/V-A, KCO) (P>0.05) or D-L,CO (P>0.05) in the normal and irreversible obstruction groups. In Savolitinib purchase the reversible obstruction group, salbutamol caused an increase in the mean V-A compared with placebo (P<0.001). However, the mean KCO was reduced (P<0.001). The mean change in D-L,CO was not significant (P>0.05). A considerable Rapamycin clinical trial reduction in D-L,CO was found after salbutamol in four subjects in the reversible group as a result of a minor

increase in V-A and substantial decrease in KCO. No statistical difference in pulse rate or arterial blood gases values was detected.

ConclusionsSalbutamol had no effect on the mean D-L,CO in any group. However, salbutamol may considerably reduce D-L,CO in some individuals with reversibility secondary to its effects on V-A and KCO.”
“Background and aims: Animal contact may reduce the risk

not only for allergic diseases but also for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Selleck Copanlisib We aimed to clarify the association between endotoxin levels in the home environment and IBD.

Methods: A case control study including 85 IBD cases (aged: 8-29 years) and 91 controls undergoing strabismus surgery (aged: 11-23 years) was conducted in Southern Germany. A questionnaire and a dust sampling sock were mailed to the parents (Response: 71% among cases, 58% among controls). Endotoxin levels were determined using Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate assay tests. Logistic regression models adjusting for age, sex, high parental school education, family history of IBD, environmental factors in the first year of life (urban place of living, farm animal or pet contact), and presence of cats or dogs in the room were performed.

Results: Geometric mean levels of endotoxin were lower among cases (50.67 Endotoxin Units (EU)/mg; geometric standard deviation (GSD); 2.32) than controls (60.25 EU/mg; GSD: 2.22). Endotoxin levels were inversely, but not statistically significantly, related to case status in the multivariate logistic regression analysis (OR for the interquartile range increase: 0.70; 95%CI: 0.46-1.04).

Conclusion: In our study sample, high endotoxin levels were inversely related to case status.

Only 1 patient, who had MCD, achieved complete remission One pat

Only 1 patient, who had MCD, achieved complete remission. One patient went into partial remission. However, the subgroup with no response to MMF appeared to have a reduction in proteinuria and an increase of serum albumin. There were no significant beneficial effects on the level of glomerular filtration.

Conclusions:

In this small, single-center study, a therapeutic response to MMF was obtained only in one third of patients. This response rate, though it is low, selleck encourages us to use MMF in some patients who are resistant to conventional therapy for SRNS.”
“Plasma cell cheilitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that presents with erythema, erosions, ulcers and occasional nodules within the mucosa, including the lips. It is histopathologically characterized by dense plasma cell

infiltration in the lamina propria of the mucous membranes. Several treatments for plasma cell cheilitis have been reported, including topical steroids, topical antibiotics or topical tacrolimus. However, 308-nm monochromatic excimer light (MEL) has never been reported as a treatment option, while it was reported to be very effective in treating erosive oral lichen planus. We report a 62-year-old man who had chronic plasma cell cheilitis on the lower lip, which was refractory to topical and systemic corticosteroid. The lesion and severe pain were significantly improved check details by the treatment with nine sessions of 308-nm MEL twice per week with a total dose of 1120mJ/cm2. However, the lesion gradually worsened after treatment learn more frequency was reduced to once per month. Subsequent tacrolimus 0.03% ointment cleared the lesion completely in a month and no recurrence was observed a year later. Refractory plasma cell cheilitis and concomitant severe pain quickly responded to 308-nm MEL when administrated twice per week. Because the long interval between each MEL treatment seemed ineffective to improve the lesion, appropriate frequency and adequate total dose of MEL treatment

may be necessary for a successful treatment.”
“Background: Recent studies have identified high glucose as a potent stimulus for the intracellular synthesis of angiotensin II. However, the exact roles of angiotensin II and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARB) in high-glucose-induced renal tubular function remain unclear.

Methods: N-Acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG), angiotensin II and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) concentrations in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) with or without high glucose/ARB were determined using a modified commercial procedure. The changes of p22(phox) and cytoplasmic inhibitory kappa B (I kappa B) protein levels in RPTECs were measured using Western blotting.

Clinical and histologic data were obtained to confirm the presenc

Clinical and histologic data were obtained to confirm the presence and severity of arthritis. Hyperpolarized C-13-pyruvate was intravenously injected CBL0137 in vivo into

the rats before simultaneous imaging of both paws with C-13 MR spectroscopy. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to test for differences in metabolites between the control and arthritic paws.

Results: All animals showed findings of inflammation in the affected paws and no signs of arthritis in the control paws at both visible inspection (clinical index of 3 for arthritic paws and 0 for control paws) and histologic examination (histologic score of 3-5 for arthritic paws and 0 for control paws). Analysis of the spectroscopic profiles of C-13-pyruvate and converted C-13-lactate showed an increase 3-MA molecular weight in the amount of C-13-lactate in inflamed paws (median lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, 0.50; mean lactate-to-pyruvate ratio +/- standard deviation, 0.52 +/- 0.16) versus control paws (median lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, 0.27; mean lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, 0.32 +/- 0.11) (P < .03). The ratio of C-13-lactate to total C-13 was also significantly increased in inflamed paws compared with control paws (P < .03).

Conclusion: These results suggest that alterations in the conversion of pyruvate to lactate as detected with C-13-MR spectroscopy may be indicative of the presence of inflammatory

arthritis. (C) RSNA, 2011″
“Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), the mammalian homolog of SIR2, was originally identified as a NAD-dependent histone deacetylase, the activity of which is closely associated with lifespan under calorie restriction. Growing evidence Lazertinib solubility dmso suggests that SIRT1 regulates glucose or lipid metabolism through its deacetylase activity for over two dozen known substrates, and has

a positive role in the metabolic pathway through its direct or indirect involvement in insulin signaling. SIRT1 stimulates a glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, and directly stimulates insulin signaling pathways in insulin-sensitive organs. Furthermore, SIRT1 regulates adiponectin secretion, inflammatory responses, gluconeogenesis, and levels of reactive oxygen species, which together contribute to the development of insulin resistance. Moreover, overexpression of SIRT1 and several SIRT1 activators has beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in obese mice models. These findings suggest that SIRT1 might be a new therapeutic target for the prevention of disease related to insulin resistance, such as metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus, although direct evidence from clinical studies in humans is needed to prove this possibility. in this review, we discuss the potential role and therapeutic promise of SIRT1 in insulin resistance on the basis of the latest experimental studies.

The materials were characterized by mechanical tests dynamic mech

The materials were characterized by mechanical tests dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and water absorption tests. Mechanical testing evidenced that fibers from recovered newspaper acted effectively as reinforcement,

increasing the tensile strength and the Young’s modulus of TPS. The incorporation of the highly hydrophobic biodegradable PBAT to the composite formulations caused a sharp decrease in the water uptake of the composites. However, even though PBAT has a higher tensile strength than TPS, its incorporation failed to strengthen the materials. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background: DYRK1A is a kinase targeting several proteins BI-D1870 mouse associated with the pathology of dementias, including alpha-synuclein and amyloid precursor protein. It is not clear if DYRK1A genetics are associated with neurodegenerative conditions. Objective: To determine if DYRK1A also has a genetic association with alpha-synuclein dementias such as dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease dementia. Methods: DNA samples from prospectively followed cohorts of control and dementia individuals were genotyped for the DYRK1A rs8126696 polymorphism. Results: The rs8126696 polymorphism altered the PHA-848125 risk of developing an alpha-synuclein-associated dementia. Conclusion: DYRK1A could prove to be an important therapeutic target as it interacts with several

proteins associated with the development of pathology in dementia. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are drugs generally well tolerated. There are few reports about cutaneous side effects of ARBs. The present authors describe herein four cases of purpuric eruption mainly involving sites of friction in patients taking ARBs. These eruptions completely cleared after stopping the drug and implementing preservative measures to reduce friction.”
“Hemicellulose

material is an abundant and relatively under-utilized hetero-polysaccharides material present in lignocellulosic materials. In this research, an alkaline treatment was applied Mocetinostat order to switchgrass in order to extract hemicelluloses to subsequently produce an acetylated product. An extraction at 75 degrees C recovered 27% of the biomass as a predominantly hemicellulose material with a number average degree of polymerization of similar to 500 determined by gel permeation chromatography. These hemicelluloses were acetylated with acetic anhydride in 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Amim]Cl-+(-)) ionic liquid in a complete homogeneous procedure without catalyst for the first time. It was determined that the yield and degree of substitution increased with reaction temperature from 30 to 80 degrees C and reaction time from 1 to 20 h. The product was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, NMR, gel permeation chromatography for molecular weight and water contact angle analysis.

CDUS had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 85% in the de

CDUS had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 85% in the detection of endoleaks compared to CT. The positive predictive value was 28% and negative predictive value 100%. The Pearson Coefficient correlation of 0.96 indicates www.selleckchem.com/products/ars-1620.html a large degree of correlation between CDUS and CT when measuring residual aneurysm size following EVAR.

Conclusion: CDUS can replace CT as the first line surveillance tool following EVAR. This is associated with a significant

reduction in the cost of surveillance without any loss of imaging accuracy. (C) 2012 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Contents Interest in indicus-taurus

cattle has been increasing, as these animals are likely to present the best characteristics ERK inhibitor manufacturer of Zebu and European bovine breeds. The aim of this study was to compare the embryo production of indicus-taurus donors with high vs low antral follicle counts obtained by ovum pickup/in vitro production (OPU/IVP) and superovulation (SOV)/embryo collection. Braford females at weaning age (3/8 Nelorex5/8 Hereford, n=137, 9 +/- 1month old) were subjected to six serial ovarian ultrasonographs and were assigned to two groups according to the number of antral follicles 3mm as follows: G-High antral follicular count (AFC, n=20, mean 40 follicles) and G-Low AFC (n=20, mean 10 follicles). When the females (n=40) GSI-IX cost reached 24months of age, they were subjected to both OPU/IVP and SOV/embryo collection. The average number of follicles remained highly stable throughout all of the ultrasound evaluations (range 0.90-0.92). The mean number of COCs recovered (36.90 +/- 13.68 vs 5.80 +/- 3.40) was higher (p<0.05) for females with high AFC, resulting in higher (p<0.05) numbers of total embryos among females with high vs low AFC (6.10 +/- 4.51 vs 0.55

+/- 0.83). The mean number of embryos per collection was also higher (p<0.05) for G-High vs G-Low (6.95 +/- 5.34 vs 1.9 +/- 2.13). We conclude that a single ultrasound performed at pre-pubertal ages to count antral follicles can be used as a predictor of embryo production following IVP and SOV/embryo collection in indicus-taurus females.”
“Objective. This study reviewed opioid prescription for chronic severe nonmalignant pain in a multidisciplinary pediatric pain clinic. We looked at benefits and side effects of therapy, and compared our process of opioid prescription with the practice guidelines defined in adult literature.

Design. Descriptive retrospective practice survey.

Setting. Multidisciplinary pain clinic in a tertiary pediatric hospital.

Patients.

These age-related increases were greater in women than men The a

These age-related increases were greater in women than men. The age-related decrease in pressure amplification was similar in both sexes. In longitudinal analyses (208 women, 190 men), the annual increases in central systolic blood pressure and central systolic augmentation were steeper (p < 0.001) than those in peripheral systolic blood pressure and peripheral systolic augmentation with no sex differences (p >= 0.068), except for peripheral systolic augmentation, which was larger in women (p = 0.002). Longitudinally, pressure amplification decreased more with age in women than men (p = 0.012). In multivariable-adjusted

GSK2126458 price analyses, age was the overriding determinant of peripheral systolic blood pressure and central systolic blood pressure. Conclusion. With ageing, peripheral systolic blood pressure approximates to central systolic blood pressure. This might explain why in older subjects peripheral systolic blood pressure becomes

the main predictor of cardiovascular complications.”
“Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding is a safe and effective treatment for morbid obesity. Long-term complications include band slippage, gastric pouch dilatation and gastric erosion. Rates of band slippage reported in the literature range from less than 1% to over 20%. The aim of this review was to explore whether VX-661 clinical trial differences in the reporting of this complication contributed to the variability in this outcome measure. A full literature search was undertaken using EMBASE and MEDLINE search engines. Forty studies were selected for analysis based

on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Each was scrutinised for outcome reporting methods and related fields. Accurate definitions for relevant terms were derived from the best available evidence. Considerable variations in device deployed, operative approach, band fixation technique, and outcome reporting mechanisms were seen between selleck products the studies. The explanation and definition of terms used within manuscripts were also seen to vary between studies. A consensus needs to be reached on how best to report complications such as gastric band slippage. We suggest which information should be included by authors to allow for accurate and reproducible reporting of such outcomes in the future.”
“Salmonella is a robust pathogen capable of surviving under various hostile conditions. The ability of a Salmonella-specific lytic phage, I broken vertical bar SP-3, to infect its host under various nutrient-deprived conditions was studied. This phage was isolated from the intestinal contents of chicken. The identity of I broken vertical bar SP-3 was confirmed by sequence analysis whereby I broken vertical bar SP-3 showed maximum similarity towards T5-like phages of family Siphoviridae. The genome size of I broken vertical bar SP-3 was estimated to be 88.43 kb by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis.


“New processes for synthesis of urea-formaldehyde (UF) and


“New processes for synthesis of urea-formaldehyde (UF) and melamine-fortified urea-formaldehyde (mUF) resins have been developed in the last years, motivated by the current concerns about the effects of formaldehyde on human health. All these formulations are quite susceptible to possible operation error, which can significantly influence the characteristics of the final product. The main objective of this work was to implement chemometric techniques for off-line monitoring of the product’s formaldehyde/urea

(F/U) molar ratio using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. This allows GSK2126458 the timely implementation of the necessary corrections in case the product is off-specification. Calibration models for

F/U molar ratio were developed taking into account the most relevant spectral regions for these resins, individually or in combination (7502-6098 cm(-1) and 5000-4246 cm(-1)) and using different preprocessing methods. When the appropriate spectral range and preprocessing methods are selected, it is possible to obtain calibration models with high correlation values for these resins. The best preprocessing methods were identified for three cases: UF resin (produced by strongly-acid process), mUF resin (alkaline-acid process), and a combined model that involves both UF and mUF resins. It was concluded that significantly better accuracy is obtained when a new model is developed for each particular resin system. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“Purpose of review

Trauma-induced

VX-661 solubility dmso coagulopathy results from a complex interplay between shock resuscitation and impaired clotting protease function. A pathophysiological role of platelets PCI-34051 in this condition remains as yet undefined. This review examines our current knowledge of platelet function in haemostasis, possible mechanisms for aberrant activity in trauma and the role of platelet transfusions in exsanguinating haemorrhage.

Recent findings

Platelet adhesion and aggregation enable a haemostatic plug to form at the site of vessel injury. As described within cell-based models of thrombin generation, platelet membranes provide a platform to amplify clot formation. There is evidence to suggest platelet activity may be of greater importance than platelet number for clot integrity. Analysis of platelet function is limited by currently available devices. Therefore, the precise role and triggers for platelet transfusion in trauma have yet to be fully characterized. Retrospective studies show that early high-volume platelet transfusion in trauma may be associated with similar outcome benefits observed in high ratio plasma: red blood cell replacement.

Summary

Platelets undoubtedly play a pivotal role in haemostasis and trauma-induced coagulopathy. However, their specific dysfunction in trauma remains to be elucidated.

The structural changes with atherosclerosis are currently conside

The structural changes with atherosclerosis are currently considered degenerative phenomena, which primarily involve a sequence of reactions within the intima and include monocyte recruitment and macrophage formation, lipid deposition, smooth muscle cell migration, proliferation, and extracellular matrix synthesis. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the disease cascade have been thoroughly investigated in experimental animals and cell culture, but the question of

how these models can correctly mimic the human course of the disease remains open to debate. In the present review the basic structure of healthy human arteries and the pathological events occurring during the atherosclerotic process have been examined by both transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Human atherosclerotic lesions are presented and described in the following order: initial GSK2126458 ic50 lesions, fatty dots and streaks, intermediate lesions, atheroma and fibrofatty plaques, and complicated lesions.”
“Many cardiac procedures using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) still require intraoperative transfusion. Retrograde autologous priming (RAP) has been selleck chemical introduced to decrease haemodilution and the blood transfusion rate. This study is designed to determine the influence or RAP on intraoperative haematocrit,

transfusion and its clinical consequences.

The RAP effect was retrospectively studied in 753 patients during contemporary cardiac surgery, targeting a haematocrit of 25%. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to identify the independent factors influencing intraoperative haematocrit, transfusion rate and transfusion quantity.

RAP was used in 498 patients and compared with 255 controls. RAP decreased the haemodilution level (nadir haematocrit 26.8 standard GSK2126458 manufacturer deviation [SD] 4.0% in RAP vs 25.8 SD 3.6% in controls; P = 0.001) and transfusion frequency (26.1 vs 33.3%, P = 0.04), despite smaller patients

(body surface area [BSA] 1.86 SD 0.20 m(2) vs 1.91 SD 0.21 m(2) in RAP vs controls; P = 0.002) with lower preoperative haematocrit (38.9 SD 4.4% vs 40.5 SD 4.6%; P < 0.001). Optimal RAP volume was overall 475 ml (ROC area 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.50-0.60; P = 0.04) and 375 ml in patients with BSA < 1.7 m(2) (ROC area 0.63; 95% CI 0.54-0.73; P = 0.008) to decrease the transfusion incidence. Multivariate analysis revealed RAP volume as a significant determinant of nadir haematocrit (beta = 0.003, 95% CI 0.002-0.004, P < 0.001) and transfusion rate (odds ratio (OR) = 0.997, 95% CI 0.996-0.999, P < 0.001), independent of BSA, gender and preoperative haematocrit.

Retrograde autologous priming is an effective adjunct to decrease the blood transfusion rate, coping with the CPB-related haemodilution and its adverse clinical effects. A RAP volume individualized to each patient offers most benefit as part of a multidisciplinary blood conservation approach.