31,32 Traditionally, all patients with a preoperative diagnosis of Cell Cycle inhibitor thyroid cancer underwent a total thyroidectomy at the initial time of operation. If the diagnosis was unknown preoperatively,

it was common practice to start with a lobectomy and upon positive findings for malignancy proceed with a completion lobectomy at a later date. Given the overall prognosis of small papillary cancers, and their frequent incidental findings on postoperative pathology, the necessity of a total thyroidectomy in these patients has come under question. Advantages conferred by lobectomy include the avoidance of lifelong thyroid replacement therapy, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in addition to lower overall surgical risks of nerve injury and hypoparathyroidism, by avoiding a bilateral operation. However, total thyroidectomy has long been

established as the standard of care for all cancers, and, with thyroid tissue present during the patient’s follow-up period, screening for recurrences becomes more difficult. Serum Tg levels Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and 131I scans would not have the same functional significance in this setting.32 Recent analysis of the NCDB, the largest Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical available database, over the period from 1985 to 1998, reported the outcomes of approximately 12,520 patients diagnosed with PTC microcarcinoma. At 70 months of follow-up, there was no difference found in either recurrence rate or survival in patients treated by either lobectomy or total thyroidectomy, with respective P values of 0.24 and 0.83.33 In a large series from the Gustave Roussy Institute, outcomes were compared for unifocal

papillary microcarcinoma Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in patients treated by lobectomy or total thyroidectomy. Both treatment strategies proved to be very effective; patients undergoing lobectomy were observed to have a locoregional recurrence rate of 3.3%. No recurrence was observed in patients treated by total thyroidectomy.34 The current consensus provided by the NCCN 2013 and ATA 2009 Guidelines indicate that lobectomy alone is acceptable for papillary microcarcinoma if the following criteria are met: tumors in patients without medical risk factors should Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical be unifocal, confined to the thyroid without extension, why demonstrate non-aggressive histology, without lymphovascular invasion, or gross remaining disease following surgery.3,35 Total thyroidectomy remains the recommended treatment of choice for papillary microcarcinomas with high-risk features, such as nodal involvement, extra-thyroidal extension, multifocality, aggressive histologic variants, lymphovascular invasion, and residual macroscopic disease following surgery. Prophylactic Central Neck Dissection Currently, there are no prospective, randomized trials comparing prophylactic to therapeutic central lymph node dissection. Current practice guidelines from the ATA recommend therapeutic central or lateral lymph node clearance in papillary thyroid cancers for clinically positive nodes.