thuringiensis. Figure 1a shows that PHB accumulation in the phaC mutant was totally abolished. This indicates that B. thuringiensis PhaC is functional in vivo. This conclusion was also confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (Fig. 2a and b). Because PHB accumulation in B. thuringiensis gradually increased during the stationary phase, we next explored whether the early stationary-phase sigma factor SigH or the stationary-phase sigma factor SigB was involved in controlling PHB accumulation. As shown in Fig. 1b, disruption of sigB did not impair PHB accumulation, whereas PHB accumulation in the

sigH mutant was reduced considerably. This suggests that SigH can either directly or indirectly control PHB accumulation. This conclusion was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (Fig. 2c). Because it is known that SigH-containing Selleck Ibrutinib RNA polymerase can direct transcription of the spo0A gene in B. subtilis, we next examined whether the effect of sigH

mutation on PHB accumulation in B. thuringiensis selleck is mediated through the master transcription factor Spo0A. Figure 1c shows that disruption of spo0A almost eliminated PHB accumulation. A similar result was obtained with transmission electron microscopy (Fig. 2d). Because Spo0F of B. subtilis is a part of a multicomponent phosphorelay system required for phosphorylation of Spo0A, we also tested whether phosphorylation of B. thuringiensis Spo0A is required for PHB accumulation. We constructed the spo0F disruption mutant BNA5 and found that disruption of B. thuringiensis spo0F almost eliminated PHB accumulation (Fig. 1c). These ADAM7 results suggest that B. thuringiensis Spo0A in the phosphorylated form is required for PHB accumulation. We next investigated the effect of complementation of spo0A mutation with the spo0A gene on PHB accumulation. A DNA fragment carrying the spo0A gene of B. thuringiensis

was amplified by PCR and cloned into the multicopy plasmid pHY300PLK. The resulting plasmid pENA8 was introduced into the spo0A mutant BNA4. spo0A expression was thus driven by the promoter of the tetracycline resistance gene residing in pHY300PLK. Cells were grown in LB medium in the presence of tetracycline. As shown in Fig. 1d, complementation of spo0A mutation with the spo0A gene as in strain BNA4(pENA8) restored PHB accumulation, whereas restoration did not occur in plasmid control strain BNA4(pHY300PLK). A similar result was obtained with transmission electron microscopy (Fig. 2e and f). These results further support that Spo0A is required for PHB accumulation in B. thuringiensis. Bacillus subtilis SigF is an early-acting sporulation sigma factor synthesized shortly after the onset of sporulation (Stragier & Losick, 1990). Mutation of sigF completely blocks sporulation, but does not impair the function of Spo0A.