18 The pH of wheatgrass juice (7.4) is same as the human blood due to which it is rapidly absorbed in human blood. Wheatgrass increases the HbF level, expands the time period INK1197 datasheet of repeated blood transfusions as well as reduces the amount of total blood transfused in beta-thalassemia patients. Extract of wheatgrass sprout increases HbF production higher to 3–5 folds and improves the quality of life. 16 Its biological

activity was examined on treating transfusion dependent beta-thalassemic patients daily with 100 ml of this compound. It was observed that wheatgrass juice reduced the requirement of packed red cells by 25% or more, causing no adverse effects on patients. 19 Curcuminoid has been shown to exhibit anticarcinogen, antioxidant and anti- inflammation activities.20 and 21 Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) are the three main natural curcuminoids found in the rhizomes of Curcuma longa and can be extracted easily from it. These three natural curcuminoids have been shown to increase γ-globin mRNA expression and induction of HbF synthesis in beta-thalassemic K562 cells. An increase in HbF level to 1.4 ± 0.5 folds in beta-thalassemic cells has been found. It possesses some disadvantages like very poor bioavailability and low absorption in the body.

Therefore, there is a further need to elucidate the mechanism of HbF induction and γ-globin mRNA expression by using curcuminoid as a therapeutic agent. 22 One study reported that curcuminoids may reduce oxidative Alectinib ic50 damage in beta-thalassemic patients. Twenty-one patients were treated with curcuminoids (500 mg/d) for 1 year. Blood was collected and was examined for malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), reduced GSH in RBCs, and nontransferrin-bound iron in serum. Higher levels of superoxide dismutase, GSH-Px in red blood cells, MDA, nontransferrin bound iron, and lower levels of RBC GSH were observed which indicated an increase in oxidative stress. More research is needed to determine whether improvement in parameters by curcuminoid is linked with the improvement in symptoms of beta-thalassemia.23

Apicidin [Cyclo(N-O-methyl-L-tryptophan-L-isoleucinyl-D-pipecolinyl-L-2-amino-8-oxodecanoyl)], a fungal metabolite, exhibits antiparasitic activity and aminophylline is known to inhibit histone deacetylase (HDAC).24 Apicidin is a very strong inducer of HbF synthesis as compared with other HDAC inhibitors. It accounts 3-fold increase in HbF/total Hb ratio at the protein level and 16-fold increase in γ-globin mRNA expression. It shows that apicidin is an effective HbF-inducer and has low cytotoxicity. There is a need of more research for the treatment of thalassemia using mice models.25 Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) is one of the Chinese herbs prescribed for over 2000 years. It consists of functional constituents including flavonoids, amino acids, Astragalus polysaccharides, astragalosides I–VII (saponins), and trace elements.