68 Taken together, their findings suggest, that D2 is selleck chemicals responsible for the regulation of AKT by dopamine.67,68 In a further development, Beaulieu et al69 were able to show that a Parrcstin 2-mediatcd kinase/phosphatase scaffolding of AKT and protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A) was responsible for the regulation of AKT by DA receptors. Conclusion There are many putative crossover points between the abovementioned proteins and their regulated pathways, and only an extensive investigation of many of these steps will allow better comprehension of cellular signaling mechanisms. These

could Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical turn out to be therapeutic targets in the treatment of serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia. Selected abbreviations Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and acronyms A KT- 1 V-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog-1 DARPP-32 dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein-32 GSK glycogen synthase kinase NCS-1 neuronal calcium sensor-1

PAR-4 prostate apoptosis response-4 PK protein kinase RGS Regulator of G protein signaling
All common diseases in the general population are strongly influenced by genetic factors. This is also true for schizophrenia. A long series of family, twin, and adoption studies has clearly demonstrated that heritability Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is the strongest determinant of schizophrenia. Variance-analysis estimates in twin samples allocate about 80% of the total etiological variance to genetic factors. The underlying Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical genetic mechanism (as evidenced from family and twin data) is clearly not Mendelian;

the complexity of patterns of familial aggregation can best be explained by the operation of multiple genes, each with a modest or small effect, and by additional impact, of nongenetic, environmental forces. Thus, causal genes are extremely unlikely to explain the vast majority of cases; instead, genes influencing the risk of developing schizophrenia (susceptibility genes) play the major role. Similarly to other common diseases such as hypertension or diabetes, the search for susceptibility genes contributing by DNA-sequence variation Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to those schizophrenia has turned out to be difficult, and the time taken to obtain the first replicable hints was two decades. Breakthrough in the search for susceptibility genes In the last 2 years we have experienced a period of excitement in the genetics of schizophrenia, after decades of frustration. Claims of the involvement of genes in the manifestation of schizophrenia were put forward for several genes. These achievements became possible through a genome-wide, hypothesis-free search for genes predisposing to schizophrenia. The successful strategy encompassed two steps: (i) mapping of genes in broad candidate areas on the genome by linkage analysis; (ii) identification of susceptibility genes within this region by cither systematic narrowing down or trial and error.