All subjects were rearfoot strikers (visually inspected beforehan

All subjects were rearfoot strikers (visually inspected beforehand while running in their own TRS), free of any injury for at least 6 months prior to the study, recreational athletes (different sports) and aged between 18 and 55 years. None of the subjects had a history of or experience with BF running. The study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki, and all subjects signed a written consent

form prior to the testing procedures. Three-dimensional kinematics was recorded with a six-camera infrared system (ViconPeak, MCam, M1; Oxford, UK) at a sampling frequency of 250 Hz. All runners ran BF on a 20-m EVA foam runway (shore hardness approx. 40), and shod wearing Nike Free 3.0 (shore hardness approx. 40) on a 20-m tartan indoor track. The height of the foam runway was 10 mm, comparable to the midsole/outsole

this website heel height of MRS. The order of running conditions was randomized. Prior to the recorded measurements, sufficient time was allowed for the subjects to familiarize themselves with the laboratory setup and to get used to the CH5424802 running speed and surface to enable an individual running style. All subjects ran with a controlled running speed of 11 km/h monitored using a photoelectric barrier, and a running speed between 10.5 km/h and 11.5 km/h was accepted. The test speed of 11 km/h was chosen as this is an average running speed in recreational athletes, both for men and women. Touch-down was visually inspected to find out if subjects landed on the rearfoot or on the mid/forefoot. Eighteen markers were placed on each subject according to the recommendations of the International Society of Biomechanics,15 marking both shanks (medial and lateral tibia plateau, tibial tuberosity, medial tibial crest, lateral and medial malleoli), the foot Thymidine kinase (lateral, medial, and posterior calcaneus), and the hallux. Rearfoot markers were screwed to a short thread (∼1 cm) and screw sockets were attached to customized flexible plastic disks placed on the calcaneus to ensure their visibility and identical placement for both BF and shod conditions (Fig. 1) and to ensure a good fit of the markers

with respect to the foot. Joint excursions were quantified by calculating Cardan angles according to Söderkvist and Wedin16 with the foot segment rotating with respect to the shank segment (ankle dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, rearfoot inversion/eversion), or with respect to the global coordinate system (tibial rotation, sagittal ankle, and frontal rearfoot motion). Further, the first rotation was computed around the sagittal axis (dorsiflexion/plantarflexion), the second rotation around the frontal axis (inversion/eversion) and finally, the third rotation was computed around the transversal axis (external/internal rotation). For the subsequent analysis, stance phase was detected according to Maiwald et al.17 and subsequently normalized to 100 data points which equal 100% of stance phase (%SP); swing phase was neglected.

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