Both agents reported similar decreases in urge incontinence reductions and incontinence episodes, whereas OXY-ER had a greater decrease in weekly micturition frequency (28.4 vs 25.2; P = .003) and overall dry rate (23%

vs 16.8%; P = .03). The comparative efficacy of OXY-TDS, TOL-ER (4 mg daily), and placebo were assessed in another double-blind, multicenter study.20 There were no significant differences in any evaluated outcome parameters between Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical OXY-TDS and TOL-ER. Both active treatments resulted in a 75% reduction in daily incontinence episodes compared with a 50% reduction with placebo (both P < .05 vs placebo). Upon completion of the study, 39% OXY-TDS, 38% TOL-ER, and 22% placebo patients were continent (both P = .014 vs placebo). OXY-OTG has not been compared with any

other agent; however, its pharmacokinetics is very similar to OXY-TDS. To truly compare efficacy of the various oxybutynin Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical formulations, direct head-to-head trials of all agents would need to be performed. Using direct comparisons based on previous studies is fraught with criticism due to study design and methodology issues. Given the limitations noted and the data just summarized, an attempt at comparison of the efficacy of the various oxybutynin formulations can be suggested: OXY-IR, 10 mg = OXY-ER, 10 mg = TOL-ER, 4 mg = OXY-TDS = OXY-OTG. Comparing the Tolerability Profiles A head-to-head study Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical has not been performed between the different new formulations of oxybutynin, which makes tolerability comparisons difficult. One method is to compare the selleck chemicals Pazopanib adverse-event profiles of the various formulations. When a pooled analysis of adverse events from phase III clinical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical trials is performed, there is an overall lower frequency of dry mouth (6.9 vs 29 vs 71.4), constipation (1.3 vs 7 vs 13), and somnolence (0.3 vs 2 vs 14) with OXY-TDS/OTG versus OXY-ER (10 mg) versus OXY-IR.9–11,13 (Table 2). Overall tolerability to adverse events from best to worst appears to be OXY-OTG > OXY-TDS > OXY-ER > OXY-IR. Clinical data support the concept that the therapeutic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical index of oxybutynin can be improved by avoiding

presystemic metabolism and reducing the DEO concentration. Table 2 Adverse Event Profiles of Oxybutynin Formulations (%) Central nervous system (CNS) Brefeldin_A safety has been a recent area of focus for all antimuscarinic agents. Oxybutynin and its metabolite (DEO) have characteristics (small size, neutral charge, and highly lipophilic) that potentially allow penetration into the CNS. In addition to somnolence and dizziness reported in the OXY-IR (14.9% and 16.6%, respectively) and OXY-ER (12% and 6%, respectively) trials, postmarket reports have included agitation, hallucinations, and memory impairment.9,13 There is a paucity of quantitative electroencephalographic or CNS drug concentration data specifically evaluating oxybutynin and cognitive function.