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2010, 24:501–505.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions LHS and ZY conceived of the study. XWR did the cell culture, cell isolation, and wrote this paper. XWR, ZZZ and YLL did in vivo experiments.

XWR and ZXY did RT-PCR and Western Blot. LHS, ZY, CXY, HBJ, HW, QX and PYX participated in the study design and coordination. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Ultra-endurance races defined as an event exceeding six hours in duration and lasting up to 40 hours or several days [1] pose specific problems for competitors such as a possibility of lack of fluids [2–6], fluid overload and/or an increase in total body water [4, 7–17], sleep deprivation [2, 18–21], inadequate energy intake Liothyronine Sodium [2, 15, 21–24] or unfavorable conditions like extreme heat or extreme cold [2, 5, 7, 12, 16, 25, 26]. Issues associated with body composition and hydration status include a decrease in body mass in ultra-running [2, 9, 16, 27–29], in road ultra-cycling [21, 22, 24], in mountain-biking [5, 7, 30], swimming [12, 31], triathlon [6, 15, 32] and skiing [26]. Within ultra-races, there is a difference between single stage races [30, 33–37], multi-stage races [7, 22, 25, 33, 38–40] and time-limited races such as 24-hour races [2, 16, 18–21, 27–29, 41]. Little is known about the effects of running or cycling on changes in hydration status [16, 28, 41] and body composition [2, 16, 18, 20, 27, 29] during a 24-hour race. Non-stop ultra-endurance races and races lasting for several days without defined breaks lead generally to a decrease in body mass [15, 22, 24], and there seemed to be differences between cycling and running races.