Conclusions Any treatment of brain stem AVMs offers considerable risk for neurological compromise. Radiosurgery in highly selected cases may offer a treatment option with reasonable risks. Conflict of Interest None declared.
It is well known that hypoxia induces mountain sickness, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythmia, cerebral hypoxia, and immunosuppression (Bailey and Davies 1997). Although there

were claims that exercise in the high altitude improved performance at sea level, the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical evidence was not unequivocal (Bailey and Davies 1997). Exposure acutely to moderate altitude (2000–3000 m) would increase ventilation, increase heart rate, decrease stroke volume, reduce plasma volume, and lower maximal aerobic power by 15–20%. After several weeks, an increase in volume of red blood cells and aerobic power was Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical observed (Saunders et al. 2009). However, whether the increase in red blood cell volume would increase performance at sea level was not evident (Saunders et al. 2009). Upon hypoxia, the EEG of the brain displayed spectrum and phase

instability (Balioz Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and Krivoshchekov 2012), which was apparent with only 20 min of acute hypoxia (Schellart and Reits 2001). A significant increase in power of theta and alpha bands was featured during hypoxic stress (Papadelis et al. 2007). Increased physical training assisted in increased resistance to acute hypoxia, for example, facilitated lipid peroxidation and antioxidation enzymes (Sazontova et al. 2012), induced rises of

malondialdehydes Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and advanced oxidation products, arterial oxygen hemoglobin desaturations, ferric-reducing antioxidant power values decreased with alpha-tocopherol/triglyceride ratio (Pialoux et al. 2006). In spite of studies on training normoxic individuals on high altitude and expecting improved performances on returning to normoxic environment, there have been no studies on the comparison of hypoxia-adapted individuals at normoxic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical environment with normoxic individuals. This is a study on the simple cognitive abilities (in this case, simple mathematics by heart) comparing these two groups. For simple solving of mathematic problems, Fehr et al. (2007) attributed to the brain areas dealing with working memory and numerical selleck inhibitor knowledge, particularly with parietal areas (Dehaene et al. 1999, 2003). Functional Histone demethylase MRI indicated bilateral activation in the horizontal part of the intraparietal sulcus and the posterior parietal lobule upon simple mental calculation without finger movement (Andres et al. 2012), which might enlist other regions of the frontal and central cortices as well (Fehr et al. 2007). If there was any anxiety in the solving of mathematical questions, the amygdala might also fire (Young et al. 2012).