For this purpose, genomic technologies are a valuable resource and can assist in producing rapid and rigorous information about ecosystem functioning, at a lower cost than traditional approaches. In this context, we propose the following steps towards the implementation of molecular methods in marine monitoring: (1) Pilot studies PCI-32765 and cost-benefit analyzes comparing molecular with traditional methods. Sarah J. Bourlat and Matthias Obst are funded by the Marine Genomics for Users EU FP7 project (Coordination

and support action, call FP7-KBBE-2010-4) Grant No. 266055. Special thanks go to Bernard Kloareg and Damien Guiffant for coordinating the project. Angel Borja and Naiara Rodríguez-Ezpeleta are supported by the project DEVOTES (DEVelopment Of innovative Tools for understanding marine biodiversity and assessing good Environmental Status) funded by the EU 7th FP ‘The Ocean for Tomorrow’ Theme (Grant agreement No. 308392), http://www.devotes-project.eu”. David Murphy, Jan-Bart Calewaert, Andris Andrusaitis, Nikolaos Zampoukas, Gert Verreet, Gunnar Gerdts, and Chuck Cook are thanked for their input in the project and/or their comments on the manuscript. This article is a deliverable of the stakeholder working group in the Genomic Observatories Network (http://www.genomicobservatories.org/). GDC-0973 manufacturer “
“Fish farming using domestic sewage water i.e. grey water culture,

has been practiced for centuries by many cultures across the world (WHO, 1989, FAO-ALCOM, 1994, Nandeesha, 2002 and Lee et al., 2010). With the rapid population growth and increasing urbanization wastewater reuse in aquaculture and agriculture is considered to play an important role

in reducing the waste product, saving the water, particularly when fresh water resources are fast Selleck MG 132 depleting and closing the nutrient cycle (WHO, 1989). The massive amounts of nutrients in sewage serve as an ideal fertilizer for planktons and algae to flourish and enhance the productivity of the aquatic ecosystem, which serves as valuable food source for fish and other aquatic organisms (WHO, 1989, FAO-ALCOM, 1994 and Lee et al., 2010). However, in today’s industrialized society sewage water, raw or even treated, contains a vast numbers of deleterious xenobiotics including heavy metals, pesticides and industrial chemicals, and pathogens, that bio-accumulate in marine organisms and may cause toxicity to fish, handlers and eventually the consumers (Hejkal et al., 1983, WHO, 1989, Almroth et al., 2008 and Stoliar and Lushchak, 2012). One potential solution to farming fish in sewage water, without residual foul odor and with acceptable levels of harmful chemical toxins and pathogens in the fish body, is a cleaning/detoxification process called “depuration”, in which toxins and pathogens are allowed to flush out by keeping the fish in clean water for at least 2–3 weeks before harvest (WHO, 1989, FAO-ALCOM, 1994 and Lee et al., 2010).