gene,89 with the D-allele being associated with higher ACE levels90 and increased neuropeptide degradation.91 Our findings in patients with major depression demonstrate that D-allele carriers
show markedly lower scores on the Hamilton depression scale, remitted more often, and had a shorter duration of hospitalization. This relationship between the genotype of the SP-degrading enzyme and both severity of depression and treatment response suggests the potential Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical role of SP in the pathophysiology of major depression. Genotyping of this ACE] polymorphism might help to identify those patients with major depression, who are predisposed to NK1 receptor antagonists. Selected abbreviations and acronyms ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme FM fibromyalgia syndrome 5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) ICV intracerebroventricular Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical NE norepinephrine NKA neurokinin A NKB neurokinin B SP substance P Contributor Information Markus J. Schwarz, Department of Neurochemistry, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Munich, Germany. Manfred Ackenheil, Department Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of Neurochemistry, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Munich, Germany.
The idea that psychosis can have
a developmental origin was common in the latter part of the 19th century,1 but was subsequently displaced by Emil Kracpelin’s view of “dementia praecox”2 as a deteriorating illness. In the 1980s, a number of research groups began to speculate that schizophrenia might indeed have a significant developmental component.3-6 In 1987, Murray and Lewis7 summarized the evidence in an editorial in the British Medical Journal entitled “Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder?” In the years since then, researchers have increasingly answered the question in the affirmative, but have Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical also become aware that the simple “neurodevelopmental” hypothesis fails to explain all the available data. Therefore, in this paper, we consider how new information has caused the original “doomed from the womb” hypothesis to evolve. We begin by discussing the strongest evidence Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical implicating a role for deviant
development, ie, that concerning the characteristics of prcschizophrenic children. The antecedents of schizophrenia in childhood and adolescence Neuropsychological development in childhood Children who go on to develop schizophrenia tend to display early neurological GBA3 and cognitive problems. The early research focused on children with a family history of psychosis. Indeed, Fish8 pointed out that the increased prevalence of neurological signs in multiple sensorimotors systems in the offspring of schizophrenics was consistent with an “inherited neurointegrative deficit.” High-risk Integrase inhibitor studies concur showing that 25 % to 50 % of children born to mothers with schizophrenia have developmental abnormalities especially poor motor coordination in early childhood, and attention and information processing deficits later.