In addition to strain FSL Z3-227, all selleck compound 82 isolates were ribotyped using the commercial RiboPrinter system with EcoRI. Single isolates representing

the ribotypes seen in each herd (two isolates from the herd U-10 and a single isolate from each of the remaining herds) (n = 19) were combined with all canine/feline isolates (n = 27) and further screened using a seven housekeeping MLST scheme with PCR primers previously used for characterization of S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, or S. uberis[91–95]. See Additional file 7 for primer sequences and PCR profiles. MLST allele sequences were aligned using MAFFT v6.814b [96] as Crenigacestat cost implemented in Geneious v5.1.2. Isolate genetic diversity indices were calculated using the program DNASP version 4.0 [97]. Diversity indices among STs were obtained by concatenating the seven alleles (4,014 bp). Diversity among ribotypes this website and STs was calculated using the formula for haplotype (gene) diversity [97]. Again using the concatenated allele sequences, population differentiation between bovine and canine groupings of isolates (bovine = 19 canine = 26) was determined by assessing the frequency distribution of STs (Fisher exact test) between the groups. Differentiation was also determined by an AMOVA as implemented

in Arlequin v3.11 [98]. The AMOVA differs from the exact test because in addition to assessing ST frequency distribution, it also considers genetic divergence among isolate sequences in its determination of differentiation. With the exception of strain FSL Z3-227 (our genome sequence), all isolates typed using the MLST scheme

(n = 45) were also PCR screened for the presence of a 55 CDS plasmid (see Results and discussion). Presence/absence of the plasmid was Etomidate determined using 25 primer pairs that were contiguous along the length of the plasmid (see Additional file 8). Evolutionary relationships among STs were examined using eBURSTv3 [73]. STs were grouped into clonal complexes and support for complex founders was estimated using 1000 bootstrap replicates. We used the most stringent (default) eBURST setting for grouping STs into a complex, where STs within the same complex shared identical alleles at ≥ six of the seven loci with at least one other member of the complex. Deeper evolutionary relationships (among clonal complexes for example) were inferred using the Bayesian phylogenetic approach implemented in ClonalFrame v1.1 [68]. This approach incorporates a model that attempts to account for recombination. The Markov chain was run with 1,000,000 iterations after an initial burn-in of 50,000 iterations. Three independent runs were used to assess topological convergence. To assess the effect of recombination, all runs were repeated with the recombination rate parameter (R) held at zero (i.e. the effect of recombination on the topology was not accounted for). We used ClonalFrame to calculate the recombination ratios ρ/θ and r/m (average of the three runs).