In this context, the effectiveness of phage-encoded endolysins to eliminate certain infections has been well documented in mouse models [[36–38]]. The main advantage of these proteins is their ability to kill bacteria with near-species specificity and the reported low incidence of resistance development [36]. Similarly, other phage lytic proteins that also hydrolyze essential PG bonds

such as structural PG hydrolases, may also contribute to the supply of new antimicrobials. Preliminary sequence analyses of the virion-associated PG hydrolase HydH5 revealed two putative lytic domains, namely, N-terminal CHAP Defactinib solubility dmso domain and LYZ2 domain at the C-terminus. This protein organization resembles that of other phage muralytic enzymes which, JQEZ5 order similar to endolysins, appear to be modular enzymes containing separate GDC-0973 research buy catalytic domains. It has been proposed that the evolution of endolysins, and probably also structural PG hydrolases, has likely occurred through domain swapping and that phage lytic enzymes have co-evolved with host autolysins [39]. In fact, the predicted 3D structure of HydH5 identified another central domain with remote homology to the AmiE catalytic domain of the autolysins AtlE and AtlA, the major S. epidermidis and S. aureus autolysins, respectively. However, key residue changes seem to have been selected in the active site of HydH5 despite the maintenance of the amidase-like

fold, likely rendering a reduced activity amidase domain [28]. Whether or not these mutations have catalytically inactivated the AmiE domain remains to be determined. It should be noted that LYZ2 domains have been rarely studied in phages, being the phage phiMR11 the only example reported so far [7].

However, it has been predicted that this lysozyme subfamily 2 catalytic domain (SMART accession number: SM00047) is widely distributed in Staphylococcus phage, Staphylococcus bacteria and other related bacteria. In this work, we have demonstrated the staphylolytic activity of Nabilone full-length HydH5 and each of its two catalytic domains by both zymogram analysis and CFU reduction analysis. Having two active catalytic domains decreases the likelihood of resistance development to this antimicrobial in that the pathogen would potentially need two simultaneous mutations in the same cell to become resistant. This is a very attractive trait for potential antimicrobials. Further biochemical analyses are required to definitively assign the endopeptidase and lysozyme activities to these domains and confirm to what extent both contribute to the lytic activity identified in our assays. It has been previously shown that some individual endolysin catalytic domains can lyse S. aureus cells in the absence of the complete protein. For example, phi11 and LysK endolysins have active CHAP domain constructs without either the amidase or SH3b domains required [[19, 30, 32]].