Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were, respectively: IL-6, 6.8 and 9.4%; MCP-1, 4.0 and <7.5%; sVCAM, 5.9 and 10.2%; sICAM, 4.8 and 10.1%; E-selectin, 5.0 and 8.8%; and P-selectin, 4.2 and 9.8%. Using the Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables and the χ2 test for categorical variables, the four study groups were compared by age, sex and race/ethnicity; Tanner stage; height, weight and BMI z-scores; lipids; and biomarkers of vascular dysfunction. For each biomarker, we evaluated differences among the four study groups using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. When waist:hip ratio, lipids and biomarkers of vascular dysfunction were the outcome variables, they were log10-transformed

for analysis to normalize the MK-1775 distribution. When lipids were predictor variables, each lipid was categorized into quartiles based on the distribution in the HIV-infected children. Cut-offs were based on the distribution in the HIV-infected children to be consistent across models, because one set of models included only HIV-infected and another included HIV-infected and HEU children (see analyses below). We evaluated differences between all HIV-infected children and HEU children on anthropometric and lipid outcomes using multivariable general linear regression. Waist:hip ratio, per cent body fat and the lipid outcomes were adjusted for potential confounding by age,

race/ethnicity, sex and Tanner stage, while weight, height, and BMI z-score were

adjusted for race/ethnicity and Tanner stage only because z-scores are standardized for age and sex. We compared levels of each selleck chemicals llc biomarker of vascular dysfunction in the four study groups by multivariable linear regression adjusted for sex, age, race/ethnicity, Tanner stage and BMI z-score. Among HIV-infected children only, we determined the association of each metabolic and HIV disease-specific variable including individual lipids, HIV viral load (≤ 400, 400–5000 and > 5000 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL), CD4 count (< 200 and ≥ 200 cells/μL), CDC stage (N/A, B and C) and current use or non-use of each ARV class [protease inhibitor (PI), nonnucleoside Tobramycin reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)] separately with each biomarker outcome adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity and BMI z-score. Variables that were significant at P ≤ 0.1 or that were confounders were retained in the final model. Models were examined for influential points using standardized residuals, and assumptions of linearity between age and BMI z-score were evaluated. For presentation, the antilog was taken for each beta coefficient and 95% confidence interval (CI) in each model. The interpretation of the antilog is as follows: if the estimate presented for HIV-infected vs. HEU children was 0.9 in the model of CRP, the interpretation would be that the average CRP in the HIV-infected children is 0.