Of the six fungal isolates originating from mycotized ticks, three (2.1% from 144 samples) were baited from soils (M. anisopliae IP 363 and Purpureocillium lilacinum [formerly Paecilomyces lilacinus; Luangsa-ard et al., 2011] IP 359 and IP 360) and another three (0.15% infection buy Fulvestrant rate from a total of 1982 specimens) from live, infected engorged females of A. cajennense collected from horses (B. bassiana IP 361 and IP 364 and P. lilacinum IP 362; Table 1). In tests of the pathogenicity of each of these

isolates for ticks, 100% of individuals of R. sanguineus were infected and died within 20 days of incubation regardless of the fungus. The fungus-induced mortality of A. cajennense varied from 66.6% (IP 359, IP 360, IP 362) to 100% (IP 361, IP 363, IP 364) at the same period. No control ticks had died at the same moment. All cadavers showed external sporulation of the inoculated fungus after 15 days post-mortem incubation in a humid chamber ( Table 1). The present study reports the first natural occurrence of B. bassiana and P. lilacinum on A. cajennense. Both P. lilacinum and M. anisopliae occurred in soils in the same local where A. cajennense can frequently be found throughout the year,

and pathogenicity Selleckchem PI3K Inhibitor Library tests confirmed that both fungi can infect and kill this tick. All detected fungi are typical soil-inhabiting fungi, and B. bassiana and M. anisopliae are the most common species isolated from field-collected ticks in previous

studies ( Chandler et al., 2000 and Samish et al., 2004). P. lilacinum – which was recently transferred Paecilomyces nearly to the new genus Purpureocillium by Luangsa-ard et al. (2011) as a continuing step in the reclassification of species now phylogenetically excluded from Paecilomyces – is reported for the first time as a natural pathogen of an ixodid tick. Another species, Isaria fumosorosea (formerly Paecilomyces fumosoroseus), was isolated from Ixodes ricinus ( Hartelt et al., 2007). The low proportion (0.1 5%) of ticks with fungal infection and of soil samples with entomopathogenic fungi (2.1%) in the present study was strikingly lower than the values found in other studies where up to 25% of Rhipicephalus spp or Ixodes scapularis were found to be infected with B. bassiana or M. anisopliae ( Samish et al., 2004 and Benoit et al., 2005). Pathogenic fungi were isolated from soils or ticks during the rainy period but never between the months of May and August when rains are exceptionally uncommon in this part of Brazil. Moreover, fungi were never detected on larvae or nymphs but only on engorged adult females that seemed to be more susceptible to fungal infection than males or immature stages as was also found for Ixodes spp ( Samish et al., 2004). The probability of fungal contamination and infection of this heteroxenic tick rises with increasing age and exposure to fungal propagules in the off-host environments.