Specimens were viewed under an IX81Olympus FluoView500 confocal m

Specimens were viewed under an IX81Olympus FluoView500 confocal microscope. Signal specificity was confirmed based on sequence comparison in the ‘Probe buy A-1210477 Match’ function in the Ribosomal Database Project website (http://​rdp.​cme.​msu.​edu/​), and using a no-probe control, and hybridization to a non-target nematode, Trichinella spiralis. Ethics statement Samples

(nematodes and blood) were obtained from S. lupi-infected dogs presented to the Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem with their owners’ consent, during diagnosis, treatment and necropsy. Samples obtained from control dogs were obtained with their owner’s consent. This study was approved by the Institutional Committee of Animal Handling and Experimentation. Acknowledgments We would like to Dr. Shachar Naor and Dr. Zippi Prize for their technical assistance in the laboratory work. References 1. Brouqui P, Fournier PE, Raoult D: Doxycycline and eradication of microfilaremia in patients with loiasis. Emerg Infect Dis 2001, 7:604–605.PubMed 2. Hoerauf A, Specht S,

Buttner M, Pfarr K, Mand S, Fimmers R, Marfo-Debrekyei Y, Konadu P, Debrah AY, Bandi C, Brattig N, Albers A, Larbi J, Batsa L, Taylor MJ, AdJei O, Buttner DW: Wolbachia endobacteria depletion by doxycycline as antifilarial therapy has macrofilaricidal activity in onchocerciasis: a randomized VX-689 purchase placebo-controlled study. Med Microbiol Immunol 2008, 197:295–311.PubMedCrossRef

3. Slatko B, Taylor M, Foster J: The Wolbachia endosymbiont as an anti-filarial nematode target. Symbiosis 2010, 51:55–65.PubMedCrossRef 4. Hansen RDE, Trees AJ, Bah GS, Hetzel U, Martin C, Bain O, Tanya Dynein VN, Makepeace BL: A worm’s best friend: Recruitment of neutrophils by Wolbachia confounds eosinophil degranulation against the filarial nematode Onchocerca ochengi . Proc R Soc B 2011, 278:2293–2302.PubMedCrossRef 5. Kramer L, Grandi G, Leoni M, Passeri B, McCall J, Genchi C, Mortarino M, Bazzocchi C: Wolbachia and its influence on the pathology and immunology of Dirofilaria immitis infection. Vet Parasitol 2008, 158:191–195.PubMedCrossRef 6. McCall JW, Kramer L, Genchi C, Guerrero J, Dzimianski MT, Supakorndej P, Mansour A, McCall SD, Supakorndej N, Grandi G, Carson B: Effects of doxycycline on early infections of dirofilaria immitis in dogs. Vet Parasitol 2011, 176:361–367.PubMedCrossRef 7. Mylonakis ME, Rallis T, Koutinas AF, Leontides LS, Patsikas M, Florou M, Papadopoulos E, Fytianou A: Clinical signs and clinicopathologic abnormalities in dogs with clinical spirocercosis: 39 cases (1996–2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006, 228:1063–1067.PubMedCrossRef 8. selleck compound Mazaki-Tovi M, Baneth G, Aroch I, Harrus S, Kass PH, Ben-Ari T, Zur G, Aizenberg I, Bark H, Lavy H: Canine spirocercosis: clinical, diagnostic, pathologic, and epidemiologic characteristics.

Comments are closed.