The major site of kidney injury in TNF alpha-/- mice was proximal tubules, which showed extensive
cell vacuolation, lipid accumulation, and apoptosis. Reconstitution of TNF alpha-/- mice with TNF alpha 24 h before tunicamycin injection reversed the susceptibility. When TNF alpha-receptor-deficient mice were treated with tunicamycin, severe renal injury developed in TNFR1-/- but not TNFR2-/- mice, suggesting this aspect of TNF alpha action was through TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1). In response to tunicamycin-induced acute ER stress, kidneys from neither TNF alpha-/- nor TNFR1-/- mice showed a significant increase in phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2 alpha), a key step in ER stress regulation. Moreover, proximal tubular cells from TNFR1-/- mice did not show increased Selleckchem Regorafenib eIF2 alpha phosphorylation in response to tunicamycin and were susceptible to ER stress-induced cell death. Finally, treatment of proximal tubule cells isolated from TNFR1-/- mice with an inhibitor of eIF2 alpha phosphatase increased the levels of phosphorylated eIF2 alpha and substantially reduced tunicamycin-induced cell death. Thus, disruption of TNFR1 signaling leads to dysregulation of eIF2 alpha and increased susceptibility to acute ER stress injury in the kidney. Kidney International (2011) 79, 613-623; doi: 10.1038/ki.2010.469; published online 8 December 2010″
“In this this website study, the first to explore
L-NAME HCl the cortical correlates of signed language (SL) processing under point-light display conditions, the observer identified either a signer or a lexical sign from a display in which different signers were seen producing a number of different individual signs. many of the regions activated by point-light under these conditions replicated those previously reported for full-image displays, including regions within the inferior temporal cortex that are specialised for face and body-part identification, although such
body parts were invisible in the display. Right frontal regions were also recruited – a pattern not usually seen in full-image SL processing. This activation may reflect the recruitment of information about person identity from the reduced display. A direct comparison of identify-signer and identify-sign conditions showed these tasks relied to a different extent on the posterior inferior regions. Signer identification elicited greater activation than sign identification in (bilateral) inferior temporal gyri (BA 37/19), fusiform gyri (BA 37), middle and posterior portions of the middle temporal gyri (BAs 37 and 19), and superior temporal gyri (BA 22 and 42). Right inferior frontal cortex was a further focus of differential activation (signer > sign).
These findings suggest that the neural systems supporting point-light displays for the processing of SL rely on a cortical network including areas of the inferior temporal cortex specialized for face and body identification.