The mixture was filtered and frozen at −30 °C for further use. The final concentration of the EIA was equivalent to 0.5 g/mL. The plant sample was analyzed by HPLC apparatus, equipped with a pump LC-10AT (Shimadzu, Corporation, Kyota, Japan), a Photodiode Array (PDA) detector SPD- M10 AVP (Shimadzu, Japan). The stationary phase of the column was a Diamonsil C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5-mm particle size). The plant sample (25 μL) was injected in column in an isocratic mobile phase comprising

of Acetonitrile: 0.1% acetic acid (80: 20) at flow rate of 1 mL/min. The elution time was 15 min and detection was carried out at 240 nm. Column (C 18) was maintained at 25 °C. The data acquisition was performed by ChemStation version A 08.03. The http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AG-014699.html experimental results were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The level of significance was tested using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Dunnett’s test at p < 0.05. Sub lethal concentration of the EIA was found to be 250 mg/kg b.w. and no mortality was detected upto this concentration Venetoclax mouse during 24 h observation period. It was reported that during inflammation,

over expression of the inducible forms of cyclooxygenase (COX) and the lipoxygenase (LO) enzymes cause the generation of the lipid mediators and damaging free radicals.13 Variations of paw edema volume in response to various treatments imposed to carrageenan induced paw volume were shown in much Table 1. As expected, purified standard drug (Indomethacin) showed maximum reduction of paw edema volume. Nonetheless, both methanolic and aqueous extract of I. aspalathoides reduced paw edema volume significantly (p < 0.05). Methanolic and aqueous extract of I. aspalathoides recorded 37.5% and 31.6% of inhibition of paw edema respectively.

Then it was revealed that both extracts of I. aspalathoides has effective anti inflammatory activity. Moderately higher rate of inhibition by methanolic extract may be attributed to the high solubility of phytochemicals in methanol rather than water. 14 Carrageenan induced paw edema test is a significant tool for the assessment of anti inflammatory profile of natural products.15 Carrageenan induced paw edema was observed to be progressively increased after the initial phase (0–1.5 h). In the second phase (1.5–5 h), various factors that are responsible for inflammation such as vasoactive amines (histamine, serotonin), arachidonic acids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes) and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1) were produced due to the action of carrageenan.16 and 17 Since aqueous and methanolic extract of I. aspalathoides has significantly reduced the paw edema volume, it could be believed that EIA suppress the production of above mentioned factors. Lysosomal enzymes were reported to play crucial role during the development of inflammation.18 During the treatment with carrageenan, the level of SGOT and SGPT were elevated significantly.