The MTT assay was carried out as described by Denizot and Lang [23]. Briefly, after exposure of cells to IFN-α, NAC, NAC plus IFN-α, or siRNA (p65 or control) culture media was changed to serum-free

media containing dissolved MTT (5 mg/mL). After 4 h, serum-free culture media containing MTT was discarded and DMSO was added to each well to dissolve the click here precipitate. The optical density was measured at 492 nm using a microtiter plate reader (Zenyth 200rt Microplate Reader; Anthos, Austria). Apoptosis analysis: Flow Cytometry and Fluorescent microscopy selleck chemical Apoptosis was assessed using annexin-V conjugated with FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate). HepG2 and Huh7 were treated with IFN-α, NAC or NAC plus IFN-α for 24, 48 or 72 h, as indicated. After treatment, cells were washed twice with PBS, and stained with PI and FITC-annexin–V (Apoptosis & Necrosis Quantification Kit, Biotium Hayward; CA USA) for 15 min in the dark. Cells were immediately analysed on GUAVA flow cytometer for PI and FITC-annexin–V staining. Apoptosis was also evaluated by examining Annexin–V FITC and PI staining under fluorescent microscopy. Briefly, HepG2 and Huh7 cells were replated in 96-well culture plates, at a density of 3 x 103 cells/well. Then cells were treated with IFN-α, NAC or NAC plus IFN-α for 48 or 72 h. After treatment, cells were washed twice with PBS and stained with PI and annexin–V FITC (Apoptosis & Necrosis Quantification DMXAA solubility dmso Kit, Biotium

Hayward; CA USA) for 15 min in the dark. Cells were immediately analysed using the Olympus FluoView™ 1000 microscope (CME-UFRGS). Western Blot Analysis For western blot analysis of p65 expression, cell homogenates were prepared in 0.25 mM sucrose, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM Tris and 1% protease

inhibitor cocktail. The mixture was incubated for 30 min at 4°C and centrifuged for 30 min at 1,3000×g at 4°C. The supernatants were kept to analyse cell extracts. Samples containing 15 ug of protein were separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (9% acrylamide) Verteporfin price and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. Non-specific binding was blocked by preincubation in PBS containing 5% bovine serum albumin for 1 h. Membranes were then incubated overnight at 4°C with polyclonal anti-p65 (65 kDa) (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA) and anti-β-actin (42 kDa) (Sigma Brazil), prepared as described by Guitierrez [24]. Bound primary antibody was detected by incubation with HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit antibody for 2 h (DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark) and bands were revealed using an enhanced chemiluminescence detection system (ECL kit, (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ, USA). The densities of the specific bands were quantified with an imaging densitometer (Scion Image, Maryland, MA) [25]. Silencing of p65 expression with siRNA Briefly, HepG2 and Huh7 cells were replated in 12-well plates at 104 cells/well 24 hours after culture media was changed to serum-free media. Cells were then washed twice with PBS before transfection.