This ratio was determined against white blood cells in whole blood:∼7 x 106 cells/ml. Each whole blood sample was incubated with bacteria for 4 hours at 37°C in 5% CO2 Following incubation, plasma was collected by centrifugation at 2000 x g for 10 min at 4°C. The control plasma was obtained in the same way and treated with 0.033 M potassium-phosphate as a mock exposure.

These plasma samples were used for cytokine measurements. Cytokine immunoassays with protein arrays The measurements Apoptosis inhibitor of cytokines were performed using Zyomyx Protein Profiling Biochips (Hayward, CA). These protein arrays allow the simultaneous quantification of 30 biologically relevant cytokines, as determined by Zyomyx, Inc: IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12(p40), IL-12(p40/p70), IL-12(p70), IL-13, IL-15, TNFα, TNFβ, Eotaxin, MCP-1, MCP-3, TRAIL, CD95(sFas), find more MIG, sICAM-1, IP-10, CD23, TGF-β, GM-CSF, GCSF, IFN-γ. Each cytokine assay was optimized for the Zyomyx Protein Profiling Biochip based on many factors including the availability of antibodies and the sensitivity and specificity of antibody-cytokine interactions. Each protein array chip is designed with 6 independent microfluidic channels that allow up to 6 samples to be

loaded into isolated regions of an array. Antibodies specific for 30 analytes were arrayed in each channel, and each antibody was arrayed in redundancy on 5 pillars within the channel. Accordingly, a cytokine measurement represents the average of 5 measurements. All immunoassay steps, including sample loading, washing, and detection, were performed with a fully automated biochip processing station (Zyomyx Assay 1200 workstation). Eight protein array chips were used in these experiments. Two chips were used for generating calibration curves with a calibration standard kit containing 30 analytes (Zyomyx, Inc.). Sample (40 μl) was injected into

each channel of the protein array chips. Standard solutions were applied to two channels of each chip for chip-to-chip normalization. Triplicates of control and pathogen-exposed plasmas were applied randomly to four channels of 6 protein array chips. Protein arrays were scanned at 532 nm with Zyomyx Scanner 100 after immunoassays. Zyomyx Data Reduction software was used for normalization, calculation of calibration curves. Dixon’s Selleck Cobimetinib test was used to remove outliers, and the median feature intensity was background subtracted. Concentrations of cytokines in plasma samples were determined by a four parameter logistic model. Cluster analysis of cytokine data Multiple hierarchical clustering methods were used to group the pathogen exposures based on the multivariate cytokine PF-562271 expression profiles induced in a host infection model system. First, hierarchical agglomerative clustering [20] was applied to group the control and the seven pathogen-exposed samples based on their cytokine concentration profiles.