tuberculosis challenge.[12] Furthermore, injection or feeding iNOS inhibitor into mice harbouring latent tuberculosis results in reactivation of M. tuberculosis.[13, 14]

The expression of iNOS in activated macrophage is regulated by various mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 MAPK and also by transcription factors including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB).[15, 16] Moreover, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α have been shown to enhance both iNOS expression and NO production in mycobacteria-infected macrophages.[17, 18] These studies suggest the participation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in modulating innate defence mechanism of macrophages in response to mycobacterial infection. Previously, our group showed that IL-17A is able to enhance the production of IL-6, which Cobimetinib purchase is required for the differentiation of Th17 cells, in human macrophages during BCG infection. Our study suggests BGB324 molecular weight a role for IL-17A in modulating macrophage cytokine production and overall immune responses towards mycobacterial infection.[19] In the current study, we focus on the role of IL-17A in modulating intracellular survival of BCG in macrophages. Given that NO has a potent bactericidal effect towards mycobacteria and the production of NO can be modulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, we are

interested in examining whether IL-17A can also augment NO production and therefore achieve enhanced clearance of intracellular BCG. Our data reveal an anti-mycobacterial role of IL-17A towards intracellular BCG through an NO-dependent killing mechanism. Recombinant mouse IL-17A and recombinant human IL-17A were purchased from R & D Systems (Minneapolis, MN). Antibody against iNOS (clone NOS-IN) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). Antibodies against phospho-JNK, JNK, phospho-p38 MAPK, p38 MAPK, phospho-ERK1/2 and ERK were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA). Antibody against NF-κB p65 was purchased from

Calbiochem (San Diego, CA). Antibodies against IκBα, actin and lamin B were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) -conjugated goat anti-rabbit antibody was purchased from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA) and HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-goat Cell press antibody was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). The JNK inhibitor SP600125 was purchased from Calbiochem and the iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (AG) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD). The cell line was maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Gibco, Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Invitrogen), 100 units/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin. A lyophilized form of M.