For enumeration of viable BCG, the spleen,

lung, liver and the pooled LNs draining the site of immunization [29] (inguinal, iliac and axillary) were aseptically removed, homogenized and plated in their entirety onto modified Middlebrook 7H11 agar (Difco™) plates [30]. CFU were enumerated twelve weeks after incubation at 37 °C. Limit of detection (LOD) was 2 CFU. A http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ulixertinib-bvd-523-vrt752271.html sample of colonies at 16 months was verified as BCG by molecular typing [31]. Additionally, thirty weeks following immunization, mice were challenged intranasally with ∼600 CFU of M. bovis as previously described [28]. Bacterial loads in spleen and lungs were enumerated four weeks after challenge as previously described [28]. Drinking water containing antibiotics (100 μg/ml ethambutol, 200 μg/ml isoniazid and 100 μg/ml rifampicin) (all Sigma, UK), was provided ad libitum, replenished twice weekly for the period of treatment. Placebo comprised D.H2O containing the same volume of solvent (DMSO) used to prepare antibiotics. On euthanasia, spleen, lung and LNs (inguinal, iliac, axillary, brachial,

cervical and popliteal) were aseptically removed and spleen and interstitial lung cells prepared as previously described [9]. LN cells were prepared as spleen cells. Following washing (300 g/8 min), all cells were re-suspended at 5 × 106 ml−1 for assays. Cells were cultured with the specific protein cocktail as described, each antigen at final concentration of 2 μg/ml for all assays. Talazoparib Cells were incubated with

antigen and the frequency of antigen-specific IFN-γ secretors detected by ELISPOT (Mabtech, Sweden), as previously described [9]. For intracellular staining (ICS), cells isolated from spleen or lungs were stimulated with antigen pool and anti-CD28 (BD Biosciences) as previously described [9]. They were surface stained with CD4–APC-H7, CD19-PE-CF594, CD11b-PE-CF594 (all BD Bioscience), CD44–eFluor 450, CD62L – PE or – PerCP-Cy5.5, CD27–PE and LIVE/DEAD® Fixable Yellow Dead Cell Stain (‘YeViD’, Invitrogen). Subsequently, cells were washed, fixed and permeabilised and stained for ICS with IFN-γ–APC (BD Bioscience), IL-2–PE-Cy7 and TNF-α–FITC as previously described [9]. For MHC class II-peptide tetramer staining, Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase RBC were removed (spleen samples only) using RBC lysis buffer (eBioscience, USA). Cells were stained (45 min/37 °C/5% CO2) in culture media with Rv0288 (TB10.4) peptide: MHCII I-A(d) (SSTHEANTMAMMARDT) tetramer-complex, labeled with APC; or I-A(d) negative control (PVSKMRMATPLLMQA) tetramer–APC (both provided by NIH MHC Tetramer Core Facility, USA). Following washing, they were stained (15 min/4 °C) in staining buffer with CD4–APC-H7, CD44–FITC, CD62L–PerCP-Cy5.5, and YeViD, washed and fixed with Cytofix. All antibody conjugates were purchased from inhibitors eBioscience except where stated.