Such an approach should be more feasible for other infections such as HIV and tuberculosis. For situations in which replication of wells is infeasible, we highlight learn more problems with positivity criteria based on fixed differences or ratios between

test and control wells, which are known as empirical methods. In our example dataset from a large cohort study, we show that some peptide pools can often be positive on such empirical criteria, while having little or no elevation in SFU over the negative control. We propose an alternative approach which uses within-plate differences between test and control wells, and a positivity threshold based on their statistical distribution over plates. The following are the supplementary data related to this article. Supplementary Fig. 1.  Haemagglutinin Fresh. The authors thank the hamlet health workers who conducted the interviews and surveillance, the Preventive Medicine Centre of Ha Nam Province, and the Ministry of Health of Vietnam for their continuing support of the research collaboration between the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and the National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology. Funding This work was supported financially by the United Kingdom Medical Research

Council grant number G7508177 to the Tropical Epidemiology Group and by the United Kingdom Wellcome Trust (grants 081613/Z/06/Z and 087982/Z/08/A).

AF was supported by the European selleck chemical Union FP7 project “European Management Platform P-type ATPase for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease Entities (EMPERIE)” (no. 223498). “
“The authors regret the following acknowledgment was missing from the original publication of this article. The acknowledgment has been reproduced below: The study was supported by funding from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre programme. “
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