Radiocarbon ages were calibrated using the IntCal09 calibration curve (Reimer

et al., 2009) and probabilities were summed using OxCal version 4.1 (Bronk Ramsey, 2009). To remove the effects of the variation in the gradient of the calibration curve and in alluvial unit preservation, the probability distribution for anthropogenic alluvium dates was divided by the probability distribution for all 844 dates within the radiocarbon database to give a relative probability distribution, following Hoffman et al. (2008) and Macklin et al. (2010). The resulting probability curves were then normalized by dividing each date by the highest probability in the data set. Relative probability AZD2281 solubility dmso distributions have been plotted with the frequencies of dates in 100-year intervals, calculated using the mid-point of the 2σ calibrated age range. Fig. 1 shows the location of sites in the UK where Holocene fluvial units have been 14C dated. AA has been identified at 93 out of 256 (36%) of these sites. This is not to say that alluviation at 163 locations

has not also been affected by anthropogenic activity, but using our strict criteria this is not registered using the information reported in publications. 130 out of 844 dated UK fluvial units (15%) can be classified as AA. Anthropogenic alluvium is recorded only at one site in the Scottish Highlands and is probably under-represented in eastern England and the English Channel catchments, as well as in tidally influenced river reaches because of the lack of 14C-dated Holocene fluvial units. Only two 14C-dated Selleck Bortezomib AA units are classified as colluvial and debris flow deposits. The oldest AA unit is dated to c. 4400 cal. BP (Early Bronze Age) and there is an apparent 1500 year lag between the adoption of agriculture in the UK, as recorded by direct 14C dating of cereal grains (Stevens and Fuller, 2012), and its impact on floodplain sedimentation (Fig. 2). There

is, however, no correspondence between accelerated lake sedimentation – attributed to anthropogenic activity (Edwards and Whittington, 2001) – and AA, except at c.1000 cal. BP. Furthermore, next episodes (c. 6000, 5000 and 3000 cal. BP) where lake deposition rates increase between the beginning of the Neolithic and the end of the Bronze Age, do not correspond with periods of notable cereal cultivation as identified by Stevens and Fuller (2012). Indeed, they coincide with troughs in the independently summed probability distribution of cultivated plant food and suggest that the primary cause of accelerated sedimentation was not related to arable farming. Alternatively, climate change and/or over-grazing in these mostly small catchments in northern and western Britain and Ireland could have been contributing factors.

1.1.1),

comp7073 (aminopeptidase N) (EC 3.4.11.2), comp12788 (pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase) (EC 3.1.1.3), and comp13347 (vitellogenin-A1) (Tables 2 and S6) are shown in Fig. 1. All of the contigs, except for comp13347 (vitellogenin-A1), were specifically expressed in salivary glands; transcript ratios were 3.7 × 102 − 1.9 × 106 times higher in salivary glands than in stomach and Malpighian tubules. Of the 13 contigs examined, only comp13347 (vitellogenin-A1) was similarly expressed in salivary glands, stomach, and Malpighian tubules, with relative expression levels 1.54:1:1.72) (Fig. 1). The expression patterns were surveyed using PCR amplification for 63 of the 76 contigs (contig IDs from comp13378 to comp13413 CCI-779 research buy and comp13407 to comp13545 in Tables S6 and 2) using cDNAs of salivary glands, stomach, and Malpighian tubules that were subjected to qRT-PCR. As a result (data not shown), 56 contigs showed amplification almost specific to salivary glands and 40 of these showed no similarity JAK inhibitor to known proteins. Seven contigs showed amplification in all tissues (salivary, stomach, and Malpighian tubules): comp12773 (protein disulfide-isomerase), comp13517 (40S ribosomal protein S15), comp13506 (transferrin), comp11878 (proactivator polypeptide), comp13359 (heat shock 70 kDa protein cognate 3), comp13270 (allergen Cr-PI),

and comp13610 (peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase B). Of the 76 most highly expressed putative secretory contigs, 68 were salivary gland-specific or at least -predominant transcripts and 48 of the 66 were unknown proteins. Many highly

expressed transcripts were salivary gland-specific and unknown, which suggests that the proteins have specifically evolved in the relationship between GRH and various poaceous host plants including rice. In a previous study, NcSP84 (comp13102) was detected as the most abundant protein in both secreted saliva and salivary gland extracts of GRH Carnitine dehydrogenase (Hattori et al., 2012). This protein was predicted to have three EF hand motifs and was shown to exhibit calcium-binding activities (Hattori et al., 2012). The function of salivary calcium-binding protein is expected to be the binding of calcium ions that trigger the plugging response of wounded sieve tubes on insect feeding (Knoblauch et al., 2001). In addition, calcium-binding proteins are contained in the saliva of the pea aphid (Carolan et al., 2011), although proteins with similarity to NcSP84 have not been reported. Carboxylesterases are detoxification enzymes, as are cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in insects (Després et al., 2007), and are considered to play important roles in insecticide resistance (Silva et al., 2012 and Jackson et al., 2013). However, their functions in the salivary gland remain unknown.

Despite the good agreement between nTMS and DCS (Fig. 3), we have to be aware that these results strongly rely on many parameters, such as definition of resting motor threshold (rMT), the voltage at which CMAP is considered significant, registration

errors, navigation SKI606 errors of both systems, and brain shift after durotomy [23] and [24]. Therefore, it seems to be unlikely that nTMS is capable to completely replace intraoperative neuromonitoring (IOM). Yet, when the rolandic region is compromised by tumor growth, it is highly valuable to have another modality at hand, which confirms the results of DCS mapping. Compared to fMRI, nTMS is also less affected by the patient’s cooperation or claustrophobia. Further newly evolved possibilities of nTMS are to decide whether or not DCS is mandatory or not and it enhances IOM by guiding the DCS probe, thus accelerating DCS mapping significantly. The adaptation of nTMS motor mapping data for outlining functionally crucial seed regions was simple, and compatibility between the Nexstim eXimia 3.2 and iPlan® Cranial 3.0.1 using iPlan® Net was given by the DICOM standard and remained trouble-free when changing to iPlan® Cranial Unlimited (BrainLAB AG, Feldkirchen,

Germany). Traditional outlining of the primary motor cortex can be quite challenging when tumors affect the rolandic region. Mostly due to mass effects and edema. Such structural alteration NVP-AUY922 datasheet with impairment of the anatomy causes an imprecise outlining of the cortical Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase seed region with the manual technique. Thus, even tracts from accidently included non-eloquent regions are incorporated and lead to a broader and therefore less specific definition of the CST. Furthermore, tumors within the CST or the precentral

gyrus can cause cerebral plasticity so that functionally important motor areas do not have to coincide anymore with standard anatomical landmarks, which are also regularly hard to identify [17], [25], [26] and [27]. Especially due to this matter, only nTMS data and not anatomical landmarks can reliably identify functionally crucial motor regions prior to surgery. Because our technique, shown in this work, is based on functional and not structural anatomy, it should provide a more accurate white matter fiber reconstruction. Nonetheless, we have to keep in mind that in large volume lesions or largely infiltrating tumors, nTMS might not be able to elicit MEPs in all fibers of the CST due to impairment of these fibers by tumor or edema. Therefore the tract might appear more compact than observed with traditional tractography. In most cases, these missing fibers are located around the tumor in the upper part of the tract in standard tractography, which seem to be missing in the nTMS-designed tracts.

Industrial boats can be up to 70 m with outboard engines up to 3000 hp. To reduce conflicts among different categories of fishing vessels, the law has specified different areas for each vessel category. The first 5 miles from the coast is allocated to artisanal boats, beyond 5 miles for coastal boats and beyond 12 miles for industrial boats. FMPs addressing different key species are lacking, which is due, in part, Cyclopamine clinical trial to limited knowledge about resources. This lack of knowledge

results from the limited human and institutional capacity in terms of developing species-specific management plans. There are very few management measures with provisions provided for in the fisheries legislation. Closed seasons, where

fishing is prohibited, are the most widely used management measures to protect and conserve the most important commercial species. Closed seasons are currently used to manage shrimp, rock lobster, and cuttlefish resources [37]. Opening and closing of seasons are regularly announced by the Crizotinib purchase MFW upon receiving the initial information and advice from the Marine Science and Biological Research Authority. The discarding of fish is prohibited in all fisheries. The collapse of the sea cucumber fishery led, in 2007, to a complete ban on the capture and trade of all sea cucumbers within the country [45]. Management measures related to the valuable rock lobster include minimum size of 19 cm,

gear type is restricted to traps only, quantity of gear is restricted to 60 traps Loperamide per boat, and a prohibition on the taking of egg-bearing lobsters. If egg-bearing lobsters are accidentally captured, they must be returned to the sea. Measures targeting pelagic species are lacking, except for a law prohibits the use of light when using purse seine nets. While the power and ability to execute within the current legislation are given to the minister and the ministry, only minimal action has been taken. Managing the fishery, issuing any urgent norms, or making any required reforms or amendments have been limited. For example, while the law gives the minister the right to issue the specifications pertaining to different fishing gear, fishing gear remains largely unregulated. No specifications have been made regarding net sizes, mesh sizes, the minimum sizes of different species allowed to catch, specific areas for different fishing gear, or sensitive areas where trawling is prohibited. Even though the fisheries act (no. 2/2006) is relatively new, it does not seem to integrate many of the recent changes in international policy, including the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), FAO Compliance Agreement, UN Fish Stock Agreement, and the 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries.

DNA elution was conducted with TE buffer (10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8). Mitochondrial DNA fragments of approximately 920 bp were Trichostatin A nmr amplified by PCR. These fragments are part of the cytochrome oxidase I gene (approximately 780 bp), leucine transfer RNA (70 bp), and part of the cytochrome oxidase II (approximately 60 bp).

The amplifications were carried out with a final volume of 25 μL, containing 250–500 ng of DNA template, 0.2–0.4 μM (5–10 pmol) of each primer, using the Ready-to-go kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). The thermal cycler was programmed as proposed by Ross and Shoemaker (1997): 1 min at 94 °C (initial denaturation) and 35 cycles at 94 °C for 1 min, annealing temperature of 48 °C for 1 min, and extension temperature of 68 °C for 2 min, followed by a final extension step at 72 °C for 5 min. The primers used were: C1-J-2195 (COI-RLR) (5′-TTGATTTTTTGGTCATCCAGAAGT-3′) and DDS-COII-4 (5′-TAAGATGGTTAATGAAGAGTAG-3′) (Ahrens et al., 2005 and Ross and Shoemaker, 1997). When the combination of primers did not amplify the desired fragment, the second primer was used instead of DDS-COII-4,

named JerryGarcia-CI (5′-GGGAATTAGAATTTTGAAGAG-3′) (Shoemaker et al., 2006), which produces fragments of approximately 780 bp that includes only the gene cytochrome oxidadese I (COI). Two pairs of primers were used to examine the presence of Wolbachia in ants. The first pair was the control: EF1α-532F (5′-AGGCAAATGTCTTATTGAAG-3′) and EF1α-610R (5′-GCGGGTGCGAAGGTAACAAC-3′) ( Shoemaker et al., 2000) that amplify a fragment of 400 bp of the nuclear gene EF1α (elongation factor). The second pair amplifies GSK126 order the variable fragment of a gene that decodes a surface protein of the bacteria of approximately 600 bp, named wsp81F (5′-TGGTCCATTAAGTGATGAAGAAAC-3′) and wsp691R (5′-AAAAATTAAACGCTACTCCA-3′) ( Braig et al.,

1998 and Zhou et al., 1998). The presence of the control primer (EF1α) fragment and the absence of the Wolbachia-specific fragment (wsp) most likely reflects an absence of the bacteria rather than low quality (low yield of PCR product), a high concentration of genomic DNA or an error associated with the PCR setup ( Shoemaker et al., 2000). However, in the Sirolimus order absence of the EF1α fragment and of the wsp gene fragment, it is not possible to conclude the absence of the endobacteria. In this case, the genomic DNA was diluted and the PCR protocol repeated. The amplifications were carried out with final volume of 25 μL, with 250–500 ng of DNA template, 0.2–0.4 μM (5–10 pmol) of each primer, using the Ready-to-go kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). The thermal cycler was programmed according to Braig et al. (1998) and Zhou et al. (1998). The confirmation of the amplification was visualized in 2% agarose gel. The presence of noise in the electropherogram of the sample of the sequenced wsp gene required cloning of the sample to separate the strains. PCR products were cloned using the CloneJET PCR Cloning Kit (Fermentas Life Sciences).

The plant material was prepared

by chopping the leaves in a blender with the lowest amount of water possible (approximately 750 ml). All animals were closely monitored for any clinical disturbance. The two sheep dosed for 10 consecutive days were euthanized 24 h after the final dose for pathological study. After they were sacrificed, the sheep were necropsied, and samples from the liver, kidney, lungs, heart, spleen, rumen, omasum, abomasum and intestines were collected, fixed, and stored in 10% buffered formalin for histopathological examination. The paraffin-embedded sections were stained with H&E. All of the rats dosed with 1.0 ml of latex/kg body weight showed severe LY294002 lethargy beginning 5–8 min after dosing and died within 2 h. No death or clinical signs of toxicity were observed in the rats from control group and dosed with 0, 0.1, 0.3 or 0.6 ml of latex/kg body weight. No macroscopic lesions were found in the necropsies of dead rats. The histological lesions were JQ1 order restricted to rats dosed with 1.0 ml of latex/kg body weight. Microscopic lesions in the hearts appeared as fibers separated by edematous fluid, and the rats exhibited subendocardic hemorrhages, multi-focal coagulation necroses of the muscular fibers evidenced by granular appearance of the sarcoplasm, distinct eosinophilic cytoplasm lacking transverse striations and presenting pyknotic or absent

nuclei (Fig. 1). Infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory

cells was observed between the cardiac fibers. Some muscle fibers presented basophilic granulation and prominent vacuolization of the sarcoplasm (Fig. 2). The livers showed diffuse vacuolization of the hepatocyte cytoplasm, marked sinusoidal congestion and small hemosiderin deposits in the parenchymal hepatocytes. The administration of C. procera leaves to sheep from all groups was responsible for tachycardia and transitory cardiac arrhythmias at auscultation 4 h after dosing. The necroscopic examination of sheep dosed with 60 g/kg per day for 10 days revealed mild ascites, exudates Methamphetamine on the trachea, pulmonary edema, mild hemorrhage in the liver, hydropericardium, flaccid heart, ulcers on the omasum and kidneys presenting a pale juxtamedullary cortex. The histological examination of livers and hearts from the sheep revealed similar lesions to those observed in the rats, but the intensity of these lesions varied from mild to moderate. Congestion was observed in the kidneys and lungs. No lesions were found in the spleen, rumen, omasum, abomasum or intestine samples from these sheep. Our results demonstrate that C. procera is a cardiotoxic plant. The lesions promoted by exposure to C. procera latex and fresh leaves were different from those observed in other studies ( Mahmoud et al., 1979a, Mahmoud et al., 1979b, Pahwa and Chatterjee, 1988 and Singhal and Kumar, 2009). The lesions promoted by C.

The known relationship between psychological hardiness and anxiety responses (Hanton et al., 2003 and Hanton et al., 2013) and adverse health effects of stress (Kobasa, 1979, Maddi, 2002 and Sandvik et al., 2013) also means that characteristics of psychological hardiness are AZD2281 mouse plausible mediators of the relationship between psychopathy

and anxiety. Due to previously found divergences in the relationship between the two PCL-R factors and anxiety, we hypothesized that F1 would be negatively related to anxiety, and that this negative relationship would be partly mediated by resiliency factors linked to psychological hardiness. With regard to the three dimensions of hardiness, we did not have any specific hypotheses, although some previous studies have found commitment and control, but not challenge, to Cilengitide order predict positive health effects, which could suggest that the challenge dimension taps a somewhat different psychological construct (Florian et al., 1995 and Hanton et al., 2003). The participants in the study were 74 male inmates at Bergen Prison, Norway. The age of the participants ranged from 19 to 71,

with a mean of 33.41 years. The participants were serving sentences ranging from 6 weeks to 20 years (mean 4.4 years, SD 5.24), including protective custody (21 years is the longest possible sentence in Norway). The participants had been convicted of a variety of crimes, including drug dealing, theft, armed robbery, rape, murder, and child molesting. All participants spoke Norwegian and the majority were Norwegian citizens (89.2%). In order to assess psychopathic personality, multiple trained observers administered the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised (PCL-R; Hare, 2003) to each participant, drawing on semi-structured interviews and extensive file reviews (sentences, prison journals, psychiatric evaluations, etc.). The PCL-R is a 20-item checklist

scored on a 3-point scale (0 = not present, 1 = somewhat present, and Selleck Baf-A1 2 = definitely present). The PCL-R items were divided into two factors according to the two-factor model (Hare, 2003 and Harpur et al., 1988). The Cronbach’s alpha for the present sample was .814 for the total score, .848 for F1, and .805 for F2. The inter-rater reliability for the PCL-R (N = 12) as measured by intra-class correlations ranged from good to excellent ( McDowell, 2006), with an ICC1 = .921 for the total score, an ICC1 = .720 for F1, and an ICC1 = .880 for F2. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS; Zigmond & Snaith, 1983) is a brief self-report instrument designed to measure generalized symptoms of anxiety and depression in non-psychiatric hospital clinics. It consists of two subscales, anxiety and depression, each containing seven items scored on a four-point Likert scale (0–3). As anxiety was the main interest in the present study, only the anxiety subscale (HADS-A) was included in the analyses.

Results indicated that emergency responders were clearly exposed to ACN from the accident

as 26% of the non-smokers had CEV concentrations above the reference value of 10 pmol/g globin. However, the extent check details of the overexposure in the emergency responders remained moderate. First, while a substantial proportion of the emergency responders exceeded CEV values above what is observed in a background population, the median values observed in both smokers and non-smokers in our population are comparable to what is described in the literature for a non-exposed population (Kraus et al., 2012). Second, even the higher CEV concentrations in the non-smokers (95th percentile of 73 pmol/g globin and maximum of 452 pmol/g globin) remained within the ranges as described for smokers in the literature. Third, the higher CEV concentrations in smokers (95th percentile of 342 pmol/g globin and maximum of 811 pmol/g globin) exceeded only slightly what www.selleckchem.com/products/Bafilomycin-A1.html has been reported in a non-exposed population in Germany (95th percentile of 332 pmol/g globin and maximum of 607 pmol/g globin) (Kraus et al., 2012). The difference of CEV concentrations between smokers and non-smokers is also similar in the study population to what is reported in non-exposed populations, smokers having CEV concentrations largely above the concentrations observed in non-smokers. The CEV contribution due to tobacco

smoking is therefore preponderant in the CEV concentrations of smokers. CART methodology was used to assess

factors predictive of the CEV concentration in the non-smokers. CART offers the advantage of using variables multiple times in different branches of the classification and regression trees, allowing to uncover complex interdependencies between variables. CART can easily incorporate a large number of both numerical and categorical predictor variables, although care should be given to potential overly complex trees as a result of overfitting. Three discriminating factors were identified, i.e., (1) the distance to the accident, (2) the duration of exposure, and (3) the occupational function. The increased CEV concentrations in function of proximity to the accident and exposure duration are in accordance with a direct exposure from the accident and the cumulative character of the CEV biomarker that crotamiton was used, respectively. The interpretation of ‘function’ as predictive determinant is more complicated. First, the ‘function’ turned out to be the most important determinant in the emergency responders without presence in the <50 m zone, with the fire-fighters, the civil protection workers and the group ‘others’ having higher CEV levels than the police and the army. Second, among this group of fire-fighters, civil protection workers and ‘others’, higher CEV concentrations were observed in those who had been present on the field within the 50–250 m zone or further away.

g., Batty and Taylor, 2002). Most interestingly the largest P1 is elicited for targets requiring a conjunction search as compared to targets EPZ5676 mouse that are characterized by single features, including color pop-out features (e.g. Taylor and Khan, 2000). Furthermore, the latency of the P1 for a conjunction search tends to be longer than those for single features (cf. Taylor et al., 1999 and Taylor et al., 2001a). Most surprisingly, however, is the finding that array size increases P1 amplitude but decreases latency. In a search paradigm in which array size was varied between 5, 9 and 17 items, the largest P1 and the shortest P1 latencies were found for the largest array with 17

items (Taylor et al., 2001b). Although the C1 component is primarily associated with perceptual encoding, research by Herrmann seems to imply that the P1 component also is a sensory component (Busch et al., 2004, Busch et al., 2006a, Busch et al., 2006b and Fründ

et al., 2007). We try to show here that the P1 is not modulated by physical properties per se but only if they are relevant for early categorization or if they elicit reflexive this website attention. One important physical property that affects sensory processes is stimulus size. Due to the retinotopic architecture of V1, large stimuli are processed in large cortical areas and small stimuli in small areas. If an electrophysiological parameter is directly affected by stimulus size, it appears save to conclude that it is directly modulated by physical stimulus properties. As an example, let us consider the study by Busch et al. (2006b) who used abstract stimuli that consisted of two areas, a small circular center and a large

surrounding. In keeping global stimulus size identical (the center area plus the surrounding area is of the same size for all stimuli), two experimental conditions with a small target (consisting of Cell Cycle inhibitor the center area) and a large target (consisting of the surround area) were compared. In different blocks of trials either the center or the surround area was the target stimulus. In both conditions targets were defined by the orientation of one of two possible gratings. Thus, in both conditions, targets were defined by the same physical property. Busch et al. (2006b) observed that target size did not affect P1 amplitude size. Large and small targets elicited P1 amplitudes of identical magnitude. In a simple object (square vs. circle) discrimination task, Busch et al. (2004), however, found that P1 amplitude increases with increasing stimulus size, decreases with increasing eccentricity (stimuli presented more laterally elicit smaller P1 components) but is unaffected by exposure duration. The respective findings – as depicted in Fig. 4 – show in addition that for eccentric stimuli, P1 amplitudes are much larger over ipsilateral recording sites. Is this unequivocal evidence that the P1 is a sensory ERP component? Let us first consider the effect of stimulus size. In contrast to Busch et al.

Significant three-way interactions were resolved by computing ANOVAs on the next level. Whenever the ANOVA revealed a significant interaction of CONTEXT TYPE or WORD ORDER with ROI, paired t-tests were calculated to report the topographical distribution of the effect. As our study is concerned with the effect of CONTEXT TYPE

within each WORD ORDER, a significant interaction of both factors would be resolved by WORD ORDER. With this check details procedure, we ensure to compare ERPs of identical DPs with regard to morphosyntax and thematic role. For presentation purposes only, the grand average ERPs displayed in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 were 7 Hz low-pass filtered (Butterworth zero phase filter: high cutoff: 7 Hz; slope: 12 dB/oct). For statistical data analysis of the sentence-picture-verification task, logit mixed models for analysis of the binary distributed response accuracy data (correct vs. incorrect answers) were calculated.

This statistical analysis followed the same procedure as described in Experiment 1. Fig. 2 displays the grand average ERPs at selected electrode positions of the respective selleck ROIs time-locked to the onset of DP1. For complete statistical details of the ERP analysis at DP1 see Table 3. Fig. 3 shows the grand average ERPs of one selected exemplary electrode time-locked to the onset of the verb and DP2, respectively. For ERPs in the time window 100–300 ms post onset DP1, the ANOVA including the factors CONTEXT TYPE (TOPIC vs. NEUTRAL) and WORD ORDER (SO vs. OS) and ROI revealed a significant main effect of CONTEXT TYPE [F(1, 18) = 5.48, p ⩽ .05]: If DP1 was preceded by the topic context, the positivity around 200 ms was reduced (compared to the neutral context). The ANOVA in the 300–500 ms time window yielded ROS1 neither any statistically significant main effects nor interactions [p > .1]. For the 500–700 ms time window, the ANOVA revealed a significant interaction of WORD ORDER × ROI [F(8, 144) = 4.14, p ⩽ .01] as well as WORD

ORDER × CONTEXT TYPE × ROI [F(8, 144) = 4.15, p ⩽ .05]. 3 Separate post hoc analyses to resolve the three-way interaction of WORD ORDER × CONTEXT TYPE × ROI by WORD ORDER revealed a significant interaction of CONTEXT TYPE × ROI in sentences with OS order [F(8, 144) = 2.99, p ⩽ .05] (see Fig. 2, lower panel). Follow-up t-tests showed a significantly reduced positivity from 500 to 700 ms for OS sentences preceded by the topic context relative to the neutral context in the right-frontal and frontal-midline ROI [t(18) = −2.53/−2.28, p ⩽ .05]. For SO sentences, the post hoc ANOVA did not show any significant differences in the ERPs with regard to the factor CONTEXT TYPE [p > .1] (see Fig. 2, upper panel). The ERPs in the three different time windows 100–300 ms, 300–500 ms and 500–700 ms post verb onset neither revealed any statistically significant main effects nor interactions with regard to the factors CONTEXT TYPE, WORD ORDER and/or ROI [p > .1].