92 kg/m2 and occupational lifting/carrying increased to 37%. Reference Coughlin SS, Benichou J, Weed DL (1994) Attributable risk estimation in case-control studies. Epidemiol Rev 16:51–64″
“Introduction Among the various substances known to cause occupational allergic contact dermatitis, additives to rubber comprise a conspicuous and meaningful subgroup. The additives are either remnants from the production process, e.g., vulcanisation accelerators, or added to enhance the technical properties of the final product, such as plasticisers, colours, antioxidants or antiozonants (Belsito 2000). The thiurams are regarded

as the most important class of contact allergens among the vulcanizers, partly due to cross-reactivity (-allergy) with corresponding dithiocarbamates, which are used for similar purposes. Apoptosis inhibitor Patch testing is performed with a screening mix of tetraethylthiuram disulphide (CAS 97-77-8), tetramethylthiuram monosulfide (CAS 97-74-5), tetramethylthiuram disulphide (CAS 137-26-8) and dipentamethylenethiuram Cilengitide research buy disulphide (CAS 94-37-1) at 0.25% each, i.e., a total concentration of 1% incorporated into petrolatum as carrier. The thiuram mix is part of all national and international standard series known to us. Hence, virtually all patients who are patch tested are

exposed to the thiuram mix. Such general diagnostic application enables

the analysis of occupational (and other) risk factor not buy KPT-8602 biased by selective application of the allergen to certain subgroups of patients undergoing patch testing––notwithstanding the issue of selection from the (working) population into the group of patients patch tested (see “Discussion”). Data collected by the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK, www.​ivdk.​org) was retrospectively analysed, regarding the association between contact Acetophenone allergy to the thiuram mix and occupational exposure and other important factors, respectively. Methods The IVDK, a contact allergy surveillance network in Germany, Switzerland and Austria, has been described elsewhere. Briefly, results of all patients patch tested in the participating departments are electronically recorded, along with important demographic and clinical data. The diagnostic procedure follows international guidelines (Wahlberg and Lindberg 2006) further refined by the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (Schnuch et al. 2008), of which all IVDK participants are members. All data are transmitted to the data centre in Göttingen in an anonymous format twice yearly, where it is checked and, if satisfying internal quality control criteria (Uter et al. 2005), analysed according to international guidelines (Uter et al. 2004b) using SAS™ software (version 9.2, SAS Institute, Cary, NC).

The different shaded colors denote isolates belonging to a particular MLVA groups. Hyphenated numbers represent the MLVA groups marked with arrows. Discriminatory ability of MLVA panels MLVA panels containing different numbers of VNTR loci were used for discriminating 142 C. difficile isolates into different genotypes and the Simpson’s index of diversity (ID) was shown to increase with the number of VNTR loci used (up to MLVA4; Table 3). Using MLVA4, 142 isolates were grouped into the largest partitions (140). MLVA4 was shown to be as discriminatory as PI3K Inhibitor Library molecular weight MLVA40 using all 40 VNTR loci (Table 3). However, when the MLVA panels contained fewer than three VNTR loci,

the partitions decreased significantly. Table 3 Comparison of discriminatory Epigenetics inhibitor power for PCR-ribotyping and MLVAs based on various combinations of VNTR loci Methoda No. genotypes Simpson’s ID b 95% CI c Ribotype 57 0.9640 0.9515-0.9766 MLVA2 126 0.9983 0.9972-0.9994 MLVA3 139 0.9997 0.9992-1.0002 MLVA4 140 0.9998 0.9994-1.0002 MLVA6 140 0.9998 0.9994-1.0002 MLVA40 140 0.9998 0.9994-1.0002 a MLVA2: C6cd, CDR4. MLVA3: C6cd, CDR4, CDR49. MLVA4: C6cd, CDR4, CDR49,

CDR60. MLVA6: C6cd, CDR4, CDR49, CDR60, CDR9, CDR48. MLVA40: C6cd, CDR4, CDR49, CDR60, CDR9, CDR48, cd7, cd5, cd6, cd25, CDR59, F3cd, H9cd, cd12, cd22, cd27, cd31, cd10, cd41, cd29, cd23, cd17, cd15, cd30, cd14, cd4, cd42, cd2, cd40, cd9, cd18, cd36, cd33, cd13, cd35, cd24, cd34, cd32, cd21, cd38. b Simpson’s allelic diversity. c 95% CI, 95% confidence interval of Simpson’s ID. Combined use of MLVA4 and MLVA10 for cluster detection MLVA4 and MLVA10 were used for classifying

59 isolates acquired from a hospital in central Taiwan, and four clusters Adenosine were identified (Figure 4; Additional file 3). These clusters consisted of three independent clusters (B, C, and D) containing two isolates each from inpatients and one (A) cluster containing two isolates from outpatients during the ten month surveillance. Each of the two isolates from the B, C, and D clusters were recovered from different pediatric patients with 3, 0, and 4-days intervals of specimen submission by the physician from children’s ward, respectively (Additional file 3). The two isolates from cluster A were shown to differ at one locus (1/14) in the combined MLVA4 plus MLVA10 panel and were isolated from two specimens of the same patient within a four-day interval. Most isolates were non-toxigenic strains, except those in cluster D. The patient in the D cluster developed diarrhea and was infected with toxigenic C. difficile www.selleckchem.com/products/hsp990-nvp-hsp990.html strains that were assigned to C. difficile infection cases. On the other hand, a single PCR-ribotype group was usually grouped with less than five VNTR loci differences (5/14). Figure 4 Minimum-spanning tree of MLVA10 and MLVA4 data from 60 C. difficile isolates from inpatients. Each circle represents unique MLVA type.

Before adding bacteria, the confluent monolayer of mammalian cells was washed twice with PBS. To promote host cell-bacterium contact, the microtiter plates were centrifuged at 190 × g for 5 minutes at 23-24°C and then gently rocked at 24°C for 1 hour. Unbound bacteria were removed by washing the monolayers three times in PBS supplemented with 0.2% BSA. Cells integrity was checked microscopically and bound bacteria were quantified by scintillation counter. Four replicates were used for each treatment in these experiments. To determine the effect of enzymatic removal of GAGs from host cells surface Selleckchem ARS-1620 on B. burgdorferi attachment,

the monolayers were incubated at 37°C for 2 hours with 0.5 U/ml of heparinase I (H2519), or see more chondroitinase ABC (C3667) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 1% BSA, 10-2 trypsin inhibitory units per ml of aprotinin, and 150 μg/ml of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). The monolayers were washed twice with PBS, and then binding assay with the radiolabeled bacteria was conducted as described above. All binding experiments were conducted at least three times and data from one representative experiment are presented in the Figures 1 and 2. T-test for samples with unequal variance was used to determine if inhibition of binding of B. burgdorferi

after a specific treatment was statistically significant relative to the Mock treatment. PCR-amplification of major known plasmid-borne genes encoding virulence factors of B. burgdorferi The genes encoding virulence factors that have been identified by several researchers previously were amplified by PCR using Taq DNA polymerase under the following conditions: initial denaturation at 95°C for 2 minutes, 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 1 minute, annealing at 40°C or 50°C for 1 minute, extension at 65°C for 1 minute, and final extension at 72°C for 10 minutes. Genomic DNA of B31 and N40D10/E9 strains were used as PCR templates. Primers were designed based upon published B31 sequences [101] and are listed in JNK-IN-8 mw Additional file 1: Table S1. Southern hybridization of genomic DNA of B31

and N40D10/E9 strains digested with EcoRI with bbk32 gene SPTLC1 as a probe Genomic DNA of B31 and N40D10/E9 strains were digested with EcoRI enzyme overnight at 37°C and digested DNA was resolved by agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA in the gel was then transferred to a Nytran SPC nylon membrane (Whatman, Piscataway, NJ) in alkali transfer buffer (0.4 M NaOH). The bbk32 gene was amplified from the B31 strain by PCR as described above. The resulting PCR amplicon was labeled with digoxigenin-dUTP by random priming. DIG high prime DNA labeling and detection starter kit II (Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, IN) was used for probe preparation, Southern hybridization, and immunological chemiluminescent signal detection. All procedures were conducted according to manufacturer’s instruction.

Two elements are associates with symptomatic hyponatremia. Such factors are diuretic at higher dosage (HCTZ dose between 35 and 50 mg) and low salt intake with a preexisting reduction in free water clearance or a high fluid intake [12]. Unless these two conditions meet, serious hyponatremia is unlikely occur particularly if SN-38 purchase patients are mobile. Uzu et al. [26] showed that treatment with HCTZ 12.5 mg and LOS 50 mg did not induce significant reduction in serum Na concentration. The present

study, however, cast a caution that careful monitoring of serum Na concentration is indispensable in the treatment with HCTZ, even in a low prescribed dose of 12.5 mg. With respect to serum K concentration, our study showed that there was no change in this parameter. Combining LOS with HCTZ exerts a beneficial offsetting effect in K metabolism, because the former increases serum K Akt activation concentration and the latter decreases, diminishing the risk of either hyper-, or hypokalemia. Effect of LOS/HCTZ on BNP and ACR There was a selleck chemical substantial decrease in BNP, a marker for cardiac hypertrophy (Fig. 4). Furthermore, the reduction in BNP was obvious in patients with elevated BNP values and in those who responded well to the therapy, suggesting that the BNP lowering effect depends on BP reduction (Fig. 5). Strict BP control, therefore, appears to be indispensable for cardio-protection. There was a substantial

decrease in ACR, and the effect was profound especially in patients with elevated ACR (Fig. 6). The reno-protective effects of LOS have been demonstrated in the RENAAL study in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy

[27]. The risk of a doubling of the serum Cr concentration, end-stage renal disease, or death from any cause, was reduced by about 16–28% with LOS. In addition, the LIFE study, demonstrating the superiority of LOS over atenolol for reduction of CV morbidity and mortality, was accompanied by the reduction in albuminuria [28–30]. The present study clearly confirmed that treatment with LOS/HCTZ is effective to improve microalbuminuria. Decreases in BNP and ACR may portend good clinical outcomes for cardio- and reno-protection. However, longer term follow up would be needed Miconazole to prove such. Effect of LOS/HCTZ on UA metabolism Despite the potent antihypertensive effect, diuretics have been less frequently used in clinical practice for fear of their adverse effects, including increase in serum UA concentration. In the present study, a subtle but significant increase in serum UA concentration was observed in overall patients, although such changes still remained within the normal range (Fig. 7). Of note is that when patients were stratified into a high-UA group and a low-UA group, significant decrease was observed only in the former. The same results were noted in the study by Kita et al.

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 70:111–7PubMedCrossRef ExAsRub (Exposure assessment in the rubber industry) (2004) Improved exposure assessment for prospective cohort studies and exposure control in the rubber manufacturing industry. In: Hans Kromhout (ed). Final report from the ExAsRub consortium, EU concerted action, QLK4-CT-2001-00160 and QLK4-CT-2002-02786.

Utrecht, The Netherlands Figa-Talamanca I (1984) Spontaneous abortions among female industry workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Med 54:163–71CrossRef Foster PM, Mylchreest E, Gaido KW, et al (2001) Effects check details of phthalate esters on the developing reproductive tract of male rats. Hum MDV3100 clinical trial Reprod Update 7(3):231–5PubMedCrossRef Gisselmann M (2005) Education, infant mortality, and low birth weight in Sweden

1973–1990: Emergence of ZD1839 in vivo the low birth weight paradox. Scand J Public Health 33:65–71PubMedCrossRef Gisselmann M (2006) The influence of maternal childhood and adulthood social class on the health of the infant. Soc Sci Med 63:123–33CrossRef Gray LE Jr, Ostby J, Furr J, et al (2000) Perinatal exposure to the phthalates DEHP, BBP, and DINP, but not DEP, DMP, or DOTP, alters sexual differentiation of the male rat. Toxicol Sci 58(2):350–65PubMedCrossRef Greenland S (1989) Modeling and variable selection in epidemiologic analysis. Am J Public Health 79:340–9PubMedCrossRef Hanke W, Jurewicz J (2004) The risk of Cell press adverse reproductive and developmental disorders due to occupational pesticide exposure: an overview of current epidemiological evidence. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 17:223–43PubMed Hoppin JA, Brock JW, Davis BJ, et al (2002) Reproducibility of urinary phthalate metabolites in first morning urine samples. Environ Health Perspect 110(5):515–8PubMed James WH (2004) Further evidence that mammalian sex ratios at birth are partially controlled by parental hormone levels at the time of conception. Hum Reprod 19(6):1250–6PubMedCrossRef Joffe M (1997) Time to pregnancy: a measure of reproductive function in either sex. Asclepios Project. Occup Environ Med 54(5):289–95PubMedCrossRef Källén B (1995)

A birth weight for gestational age standard based on data in the Swedish medical birth registry, 1985–1989. Eur J Epidemiol 11:610–6CrossRef Karmaus W, Huang S, Cameron L (2002) Parental concentration of dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene and polychlorinated biphenyls in Michigan fish eaters and sex ratio in offspring. J Occup Environ Med 44:8–13PubMedCrossRef Kogevinas M, Sala M, Boffetta P, et al (1998) Cancer risk in the rubber industry: a review of the recent epidemiological evidence. Occup Environ Med 55(1):1–12PubMedCrossRef Liao DJ, Blanck A, Eneroth P, et al (2001) Diethylnitrosamine causes pituitary damage, disturbs hormone levels, and reduces sexual dimorphism of certain liver functions in the rat.

Polar ZnO films with a c-axis perpendicular to the growth plane are required for the high electron mobility transistor structure, which depends on the realization of a high-density two-dimensional electron gas using electric polarization effects. The nonpolar and semipolar ZnO films with a horizontal and inclined c-axis are expected to show higher emission efficiency in light-emitting diodes by eliminating or reducing the spontaneous and piezoelectric Selleckchem AZD5153 polarization fields [3–5]. SrTiO3

(STO) single crystal substrates have been widely used to deposit functional oxide films with superconductivity, ferroelectricity, and ferromagnetism owing to lattice match. Compared with other common substrates for ZnO growth, the integration of wurtzite ZnO and perovskite STO combines the rich properties of perovskites together with the superior optical and electrical properties of wurtzites Rabusertib chemical structure [6–9]. Thus, the ZnO/STO heterojunction is expected to be applied in new multifunctional devices due to carrier limitation and coupling effect. On the other hand, it is found that the pretreatment method of (001) STO single crystal substrates will significantly influence the growth CX-6258 molecular weight behaviors of thin films. For example, Pb(Zr,Ti)O3[10] and (Sr,Ba)Nb2O6[11]

films show different growth modes and orientations on the TiO2- and SrO-terminated surfaces of (001) STO substrates, whereas SrRuO3[12] and BaTiO3[13] films exhibit different initial morphology and crystallinity on the as-received and etched (001) STO substrates, respectively. Adenosine triphosphate However, there is little research about the growth behavior of ZnO films on as-received and etched (001), (011), and (111) STO substrates. Furthermore, the control of epitaxial relationships for ZnO on STO has not been investigated in detail. In this paper, polar, nonpolar, and semipolar ZnO films are obtained on as-received and etched (001), (011), and (111) STO substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). X-ray θ-2θ and Ф scannings are performed to determine the out-of-plane and in-plane epitaxial relationships between ZnO films and STO substrates. Methods The substrates used

were (001), (011), and (111) STO single crystal wafers with sizes of 10 × 5 × 0.5 mm3. The as-received STO substrates were polished and cleaned by an organic solution, while the etched substrates were further conducted in buffered HF solutions at room temperature. ZnO films were grown on both as-received and etched STO substrates by a home-designed and made vertical low-pressure MOCVD reactor. Bubbled diethylzinc (DEZn) and pure oxygen were the reactants, and nitrogen gas was used as the carrier gas. The samples were grown at 600°C for 30 min with the same bubbled diethylzinc flux and carrier gas flux of oxygen. The flow rate of the pure oxygen gas was set at 1 slpm, and the flow rate of DEZn was set at 16 sccm. The pressure of the chamber was kept at 76 Torr.

We also report that M. genitalium lacking in MG207 (TIM207 strain) shows differentially phosphorylated proteins in two-dimensional gels. In addition, we provide evidence that TIM207 has reduced virulence as compared to wild type M. genitalium. Results and discussion MG_207 encodes a functional phosphatase The gene MG_207 is predicted

to encode a serine/threonine phosphatase. To verify this, we created the plasmid pMG207EX to overexpress MG207 protein in E. coli. This plasmid was transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) strain and induced with IPTG. Figure 1A shows the overexpression of His10MG207 protein by E. coli harboring the plasmid pMG207EX and its purification. The purified His10MG207 protein separated onto SDS-PAGE and stained with coomassie blue exhibited a size of 19 kDa (Figure 1A). This correlated with the predicted check details size of 18.5 kDa of MG_207. Figure 1 Production of click here recombinant

His 10 MG207 protein and determination of phosphatase activity. A. Protein profiles of overexpressed and purified protein of His10MG207. Lanes: Marker, EZ-Run Rec Protein Ladder (Fisher Scientific); Un-induced, extracts of E. coli strain BL21 before the addition of 0.5 mM IPTG; Induced, extracts of E. coli strain BL21 after 3 h of the addition of 0.5 mM IPTG; His10MG207, purified His tagged MG207 protein after Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Numbers on the left represent the sizes of the marker proteins in KDa. B. Phosphatase activity of His10MG207 with pNPP as substrate. Various amounts (μg)

of purified His10MG207 protein (Protein) were added to the SN-38 price reaction mixture containing pNPP. Activity was measured in the presence of 5 mM MgCl2. Values represent Mean ± SD. C. Phosphatase activity of His10MG207 with synthetic threonine peptide as substrate. Various amounts (μg) of purified His10MG_207 protein (Protein) were added to the reaction mixture containing synthetic threonine phosphate (KRpTIRR). Values represent Mean ± SD. To determine if the purified His10MG207 protein was functional, we assayed the phosphatase activity of this protein using the substrate p-nitrophenyl Methamphetamine phosphate (pNPP). The His10MG207 readily hydrolyzed pNPP in a dose dependent manner (Figure 1B) in the alkaline pH of 8.0. To rule out the possibility that the observed phosphatase activity of His10MG207 was not due to E. coli host derived phosphatase, we used similarly overexpressed and purified His10Ohr protein of M. genitalium as a control. Reactions with this protein (His10Ohr) or reactions with heat inactivated His10MG207 or reactions with His10MG207 but without Mg2+ in the reaction mixture showed no color formation with pNPP (data not shown), indicating that the overexpressed protein was a functional phosphatase dependent upon Mg2+ ion for its activity.

3). Figure 3 Nucleic acid hybridization using selleck compound labeled cDNA probes. Nucleic acid hybridization using labeled cDNA probe to 11 Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri strain 306 (Xcc) genes identified as important for pathogeniCity through random mutagenesis. Panel A = gene expression of ORFs when Xcc was multiplied in culture medium. Panel B = gene expression AG-881 clinical trial of ORFs when Xcc was multiplied in citrus leaves for 3 days. C1-C4 = controls (5 ng, 20 ng, 80 ng and 320 ng, respectively). The results indicated that the ORFs XAC0102, XAC1495, XAC2053,

XAC3263, XAC3285, XAC0340, XAC0095, XAC1927, XAC2047 and XAC3225 are only expressed when Xcc is multiplied in vivo; it was not possible to identify expression of these ORFs when cells were multiplied in vitro. A single ORF, XAC3457, showed no significant expression in any of the Crenigacestat supplier conditions (in vitro and in vivo) (Fig. 3). The two experimental replications showed similar results. Discussion Random mutagenesis through random transposon insertion in vivo in the genome has been widely and successfully used to study several microorganisms, whether pathogens or not [8–11]. Using this technique for

pathogeniCity and virulence studies of the causal agent of the citrus canker, a library with approximately 10,000 viable mutants of X. citri subsp. citri isolate 306 was obtained. Through this strategy, the transposon/transposase complex was inserted directly into the cells through electroporation. Southern blot analysis showed that 6.25% (6 in 96) had a double transposon insertion, which is near that expected from the description accompanying the kit used to obtain mutants,

where the rate Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II of double inserts is about 1% of the clones (Epicentre Technologies). After individual inoculation of 3,300 mutants in Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia) leaves, 44 mutants were identified with some alteration in their ability to induce citrus canker symptoms. The mutated ORFs in mutants with altered pathogeniCity were identified through DNA sequencing. In this group of mutants there were genes belonging to several functional categories, including genes previously known as being involved in the pathogenesis process, such as the proteins HrpB4 and UptC and new genes XAC0340, XAC4040 and XAC2047. The symptoms caused by these mutants were also widely variable, and eight of them did not cause disease, which was confirmed by the total absence of symptoms [see Additional file 1].

It is also preferred for experimental reasons as X-rays at higher energies are attenuated less by the air path, the buffer solution in which the sample is made, and the cryostat windows. buy SGC-CBP30 Range-extended XAS In general, EXAFS spectra of systems which Cilengitide contain adjacent elements in the periodic table have a limited EXAFS range due to the presence of the rising edge of the next element, thus limiting

the EXAFS distance resolution. For the Mn K-edge EXAFS studies of PS II, the absorption edge of Fe in PS II limits the EXAFS energy range (Fig. 4). Traditional EXAFS spectra of PS II samples are collected as an excitation spectrum by electronically windowing the Kα fluorescence (2p to 1s, at 5,899 eV) from the Mn atom. The solid-state detectors that have been used over the past decade have a resolution of about 150–200 eV (FWHM) at the Mn K-edge, making

it impossible to discriminate Mn fluorescence from that of Fe Kα fluorescence (at 6,404 eV). The presence of the obligatory 2–3Fe/PS II (Fe edge at 7,120 eV) limits, the data to a k-range of ~11.5 Å−1 (k = 0.51 ΔE1/2, the Mn edge is at 6,540 eV and ΔE = 580 eV). The Mn–Mn and Mn–ligand distances that can be resolved in a typical EXAFS experiment are given by $$ \Updelta R = \pi / 2k_ \max , $$ (11)where k max is the maximum energy of the photoelectron of Mn. Fig. 4 a Left (top): X-ray fluorescence of Mn and Fe. The multi-crystal monochromator with 1 eV resolution is tuned to the Mn Kα1 peak (red spectrum). Left (below): fluorescence peaks of Mn and Fe as detected using Ge-detector. The fluorescence peaks are convoluted with the electronic

MDV3100 manufacturer window resolution of 150–200 eV of the Ge-detector (black and green spectra for Mn and Fe fluorescence). Note different energy scales for the schemes shown above and below. Iron is an obligatory element in functional PS II complexes. Right: Comparison of the traditional Dolutegravir ic50 Mn K-edge EXAFS spectrum (blue) from the S1 state PS II sample obtained with a traditional 30-element energy-discriminating Ge-detector with a spectrum collected using the high-resolution crystal monochromator (note the absence of Fe contribution). The dashed line at k = 11.5 Å−1 denotes the spectral limit of a conventional EXAFS experiment owing to the iron edge. Use of the high-resolution detector eliminates the interference of Fe and removes the limit of the energy range for Mn EXAFS data collection. b The comparison of the k-space Mn EXAFS collected with a crystal monochromator and a Ge-detector. The range of data, as indicated by k max, is inversely proportional to the resolution of the data The use of a high-resolution crystal monochromator (see the article by Bergmann and Glatzel, this issue) allows us to selectively separate the Mn K fluorescence from that of Fe (Fig. 4), resulting in the collection of data to higher photoelectron energies and leading to increased distance resolution of 0.1 Å.

J Microbiol Methods 2006, 66:32–42.PubMedCrossRef 31. Hochhut B, Waldor MK: Site-specific integration of the conjugal Vibrio cholerae SXT element into prfC . Mol Microbiol 1999, 32:99–110.PubMedCrossRef

32. Llosa M, Gomis-Rüth FX, Coll M, de la Cruz F: Bacterial conjugation: a two-step mechanism for DNA transport. Mol Microbiol 2002, 45:1–8.PubMedCrossRef 33. check details Burrus V, Waldor MK: Control of SXT integration and excision. J Bacteriol 2003, 185:5045–5054.PubMedCrossRef 34. Nair GB, Faruque SM, Bhuiyan NA, Kamruzzaman M, Siddique AK, Sack DA: New variants of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor with attributes of the classical biotype from hospitalized patients with acute diarrhea in Bangladesh. J Clin Microbiol 2002, 40:3296–3299.PubMedCrossRef

35. Pearson MM, Sebaihia M, Churcher C, Quail MA, Seshasayee AS, Luscombe NM, Abdellah Z, Arrosmith C, Atkin B, Chillingworth T, Hauser H, Jagels K, Moule see more S, Mungall K, Norbertczak H, Rabbinowitsch E, Walker D, Whithead S, Thomson NR, Rather PN, Parkhill J, Mobley HLT: Complete genome sequence of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis , a master of both adherence and motility. J Bacteriol 2008, 190:4027–4037.PubMedCrossRef 36. Burrus V, Quezada-Calvillo R, Marrero J, Waldor MK: SXT-related integrating conjugative element in New world Vibrio cholerae . Appl Environ Microbiol 2006, 72:3054–3057.PubMedCrossRef 37. Wozniak RA, Waldor MK: A toxin-antitoxin system promotes the maintenance of an integrative conjugative element. PLoS Genet 2009,5(3):e1000439.PubMedCrossRef 38. Iwanaga M, Toma C, Miyazato T, Insisiengmay S, Nakasone N, Ehara M: Antibiotic resistance conferred by a class I integron and SXT constin

in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated in laos. Antimicrob VX-680 manufacturer Agents Chemother 2004, 48:2364–2369.PubMedCrossRef 39. Hochhut B, Lotfi Y, Mazel D, Faruque SM, Woodgate R, Waldor MK: Molecular analysis of antibiotic resistance gene clusters in Vibrio cholerae O139 and O1 SXT constins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001, 45:2991–3000.PubMedCrossRef 40. Ceccarelli D, Spagnoletti M, Bacciu D, Danin-Poleg Y, Mendiratta DK, Kashi Y, Cappuccinelli P, Burrus V, Colombo MM: ICE Vch Ind5 Is prevalent in epidemic Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains isolated in India. Int J Med Microbiol 2011, 301:318–324.PubMedCrossRef 41. Boltner triclocarban D, MacMahon C, Pembroke JT, Strike P, Osborn AM: R391: a conjugative integrating mosaic comprised of phage, plasmid, and transposon elements. J Bacteriol 2002, 184:5158–5169.PubMedCrossRef 42. Achtman M, Manning PA, Kusecek B, Schwuchow S, Willetts N: A genetic analysis of F sex factor cistrons needed for surface exclusion in Escherichia coli . J Mol Biol 1980, 138:779–795.PubMedCrossRef 43. Marrero J, Waldor MK: The SXT/R391 family of integrative conjugative elements is composed of two exclusion groups. J Bacteriol 2007, 189:3302–3305.PubMedCrossRef 44.